Operant Conditioning
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| Operant conditioning | is learning in which behavior is shaped by its consequences
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| Reinforcement | increases the likelihood of behavior, while punishment decreases
it.
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| Positive Reinforcement | Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior (e.g.,
giving a treat for good behavior)
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| Negative Reinforcement | Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior
(e.g., taking away chores for good grades)
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| Positive Punishment | Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g.,
scolding).
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| Negative Punishment | Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior (e.g.,
taking away privileges)
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| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (e.g.,
earning a reward after every 10 purchases).
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| Variable-Ratio Schedule | Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of
responses (e.g., slot machines).
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| Fixed-Interval Schedule | Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time (e.g., a
paycheck every two weeks).
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| Variable-Interval Schedule | Reinforcement after varying time intervals (e.g.,
checking your phone for a message).
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| Shaping | A process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior. For example, training a rat to press a lever by rewarding closer and closer steps toward the lever
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| Extinction in Operant Conditioning | Occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in that behavior
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| Premack Principle | Using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred one. For example, a child must finish homework before being allowed to play video games
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| Token Economies | Systems in which tokens are earned for desired behaviors and
can be exchanged for rewards
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| Behavior Modification | sing operant conditioning techniques to encourage
positive behaviors and reduce negative ones (e.g., in classroom management or therapy)
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