Translation (protein synthesis)
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on it to display the answer.
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| The transfer of genetic information from nucleotide language into AA language of proteins | Translation
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| Genetic coding includes__ nucleotides and __ AAs, __ combinations | 4, 20, 64
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| Stop codons | UAA, UGA, UAG
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| ____ mutations – one base is altered | point
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| _____ (point) mutation – changed codon may code for the same AA | Silent
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| ______ (point)mutation – changed codon may code for different AA | Missense
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| _____ (point)mutation – changed codon may become a termination codon | Nonsense
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| In the sickle cell gene, GTG (Val) replaces the normal GAG (Glu) | Missense mutation
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| The number of inserted or deleted nucleotides is not multiple of three | Frameshift mutation
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| Components req. for translation | 1)mRNA and tRNAs 2)Ribosomes Protein factors3) Amino Acids 4)energy sources
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| Has an attachment site for specific AA at 3’-end,Contains anticodon that recognizes codon on mRNA, Specifies insertion of AA into growing peptide | tRNA
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| Has an attachment site for specific AA at 3’-endContains anticodon that recognizes codon on mRNASpecifies insertion of AA into growing peptide | Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
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| Ribosome has __ sites for tRNA molecules | 3 (A, P, and E)
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| __ site binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA and specifies next AA to be added | A
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| __ site is occupied by peptidyl-tRNA, this tRNA carries synthesized peptide | P
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| __ site is occupied by empty tRNA as it is about to exit | E
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| Energy used to attach AA to tRNA? | ATP
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| Energy use for binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site and for translocation step? | GTP
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| tRNA can recognize more than one codon for specific AA | – wobble hypothesis (Nontraditional base-pairing)
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| Prokaryotic mRNAs often have several coding regions | - polycistronic
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| Eukaryotic mRNA codes for only one polypeptide chain | – monocistronic
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| Translation is divided into three separate steps: | initiation, elongation, and termination
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| _________ involves the assembly of components of translation system | initiation
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| ___ codon at the beginning of message is recognized by initiator tRNA that enters __ site | AUG, "P"
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| In ___________ and mitochondria, initiator tRNA carries N-formylated methionine | prokaryotes
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| In ________ , Met in initiator tRNA is not formylated | eukaryotes
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| binds to the 30S subunit,Interferes with initiation,Causes misreading of mRNA,Can cause permanent hearing loss | Streptomycin
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| binds to 30S subunitInhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site | Tetracycline
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| Interferes with peptidyltransferase of 50S bacterial subunit | Chloramphenicol not used in humans
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| Most protein synthesis occurs in ________ of eukaryotic cell | cytoplasm
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| Nuclear proteins used for | nuclear localization signal
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| Mitochondrial proteins used for | – mitochondria entry signal
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| Use to regulate the rate of translation | Rare codons , binding of regulatory proteins ,Small interfering RNA can target mRNA for degradation
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| Trimming of large inactive precursor proteins by specific proteases | postranlational modification
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| Covalent alterations | postranlational modification
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| Proteins that are defective or destined for rapid turnover are often marked by ________ | ubiquitination
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| Proteins marked by ubiquitin are rapidly degraded by ____________ | proteosome
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