Stack #4263051
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| Tissue | a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
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| The four primary tissues | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular)
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| Types and functions of their cells | Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) • Relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
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| Matrix (extracellular material) is composed of: Fibrous proteins | Clear gel called ground substance
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| Ground Substance | Also known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
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| A ------ becomes an embryo with layers | fertilized egg
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| Three primary germ layers: | Ectoderm (Outer), Endoderm (Inner), Mesoderm (Middle)
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| Ectoderm (Outer): | Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
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| Endoderm (Inner): | Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things
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| Mesoderm (Middle): | becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme. Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix • Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood
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| Understanding histology | requires awareness of how specimens are prepared
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| Histologists | preserve, slice and section tissues
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| Fixative | prevents decay (formalin)
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| Histological sections: | tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick
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| Stains: | tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain
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| Stains | bind to different cellular components
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| Sectioning reduces three-dimensional structure to two- | dimensional slice
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| Sectioning a cell with a centrally | located nucleus
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| Some slices miss the | cell nucleus
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| In some slices, the ----- appear smaller | cell and nucleus
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| ----- might not look continuous when viewed in two dimensions | Curved and coiled ducts
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| Longitudinal section (l.s.) | Tissue cut on its long axis
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| Cross section (c.s. or x.s.) or transverse section (t.s.) | Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ
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| Oblique section | Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections
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| Smear | tissue is rubbed across a slide - Example: Blood
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| Spread | some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide - Example: areolar tissue
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| Epithelia are sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick |
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| Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities - | Epithelial Tissue
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| Upper surface | usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body
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| Epithelial Tissue | Constitutes most glands
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| Avascular | (does not have blood vessels)
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| Avascular | Usually nourished by underlying connective tissue
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| Epithelial Tissue Functions: | Protect deeper tissues from injury and infection, Produce and release chemical secretions, Excrete wastes, Absorb chemicals including nutrients, Selectively filter substances, Sense stimuli
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| Epithelial cells | are very close together
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| Epithelial Cells | Have a high rate of mitosis
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| Basement membrane | layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
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| Basement membrane | Collagen, reticular proteins, glycoproteins, other protein–carbohydrate complexes
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| Basement membrane | Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it
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| Basal surface | cell surface facing the basement membrane
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| Apical surface | cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane
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| Lateral surface | cell surface between the basal and apical surface, “sidewall” ©
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| Simple epithelia | Contain one layer of cells
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| Simple epithelia | Named by shape of cells
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| Simple epithelia | All cells touch basement membrane
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| Stratified epithelia | Contain more than one layer
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| Stratified epithelia | Named by shape of apical cells
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| Stratified epithelia | Some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane
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| Four types on epithelia with only one layer of cells - | Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar
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| Simple squamous | (thin, scaly cells)
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| Simple cuboidal | (square or round cells)
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| Simple columnar | (tall, narrow cells)
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| Pseudostratified columnar | Falsely appears stratified, as some cells taller than others
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| Pseudostratified columnar | Every cell reaches the basement membrane (but not all cells reach the free surface)
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| Goblet cells | wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia
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| Simple squamous epithelium | Single row of thin cells
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| Simple squamous epithelium | Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
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| Simple squamous epithelium | Secretes serous fluid
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| Simple squamous epithelium | Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Single layer of square or round cells
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Single row of tall, narrow cells
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
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| Simple columnar epithelium | Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Nuclei at several layers
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Has cilia and goblet cells
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Secretes and propels mucus
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| Pseudostratified Epithelium | Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
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| Stratified epithelia | Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells. Some cells rest directly on others
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| Stratified Epithelia | Only the deepest layer attaches to basement membrane
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| Three stratified epithelia are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells | Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar (rare)
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| Fourth type stratified epithelia | Urothelium
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| Stratified squamous | is most widespread epithelium in the body
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| Deepest layers undergo continuous mitosis | Daughter cells push toward the surface and become flatter as they migrate upward * Finally die and flake off—exfoliation or desquamation
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| Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia | Keratinized & Nonkeratinized
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| Keratinized | found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
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| Nonkeratinized | lacks surface layer of dead cells
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| Keratinized stratified squamous | Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface
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| Keratinized stratified squamous | Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
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| Keratinized stratified squamous | Locations: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized
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| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous | Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells
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| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous | Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
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| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous | Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
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| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules
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| Urothelium | Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched
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| Urothelium | Allows for filling of urinary tract
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| Urothelium | Locations: ureter and bladder
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| Connective tissue | a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix
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| Connective tissue | Most cells are not in direct contact with each other
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| Connective tissue | Supports, connects, and protects organs
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| Highly variable vascularity | Loose connective tissues have many blood vessels
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| Cartilage | has few or no blood vessels
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| Connecting organs | tendons and ligaments
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| Support | bones and cartilage
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| Physical protection | cranium, ribs, sternum
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| Immune protection | white blood cells attack foreign invaders
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| Movement | bones provide lever system
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| Storage | fat, calcium, phosphorus
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| Heat production | metabolism of brown fat in infants
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| Transport | blood
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| Fibroblasts | produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
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| Macrophages | arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
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| Leukocytes, or white blood cells | Neutrophils, Lymphocytes
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| Neutrophils | attack bacteria
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| Lymphocytes | react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
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| Plasma | arise from lymphocytes and synthesize antibodies (proteins)
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| Mast cells | secrete heparin to inhibit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels
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| Adipocytes | store triglycerides (fat molecules)
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| Fibers | of fibrous connective tissue: Collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers
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| Collagen | is most abundant of the body’s proteins—25%
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| Collagenous fibers | Tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant
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| Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer | of the skin are mostly collagen; it is less visible in the matrix of cartilage and bone
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| Reticular fibers | Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
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| Reticular fibers | Form framework of spleen and lymph nodes
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| Elastic fibers | Thinner than collagenous fibers, made of protein elastin
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| Elastic fibers | Allows stretch and recoil
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| Ground substance of fibrous connective tissue | Usually gelatinous to rubbery consistency
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| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid
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| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | Regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues
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| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | Examples: chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyaluronic acid
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| Proteoglycans | Gigantic molecules shaped like bottle brushes
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| Proteoglycans | Form gravy-like colloids that hold tissues together
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| Adhesive glycoproteins | Protein–carbohydrate complexes * Bind components of a tissue together
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| Loose connective tissue | Much gel-like ground substance between cells
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| Loose connective tissue | Types • Areolar • Reticular
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| Dense connective tissue | Fibers fill spaces between cells
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| Types vary in fiber orientation | Dense regular connective tissue • Dense irregular connective tissue
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| Areolar tissue | loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space
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| Fibrous connective tissue | Possesses all six cell types
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| Fibers run in random directions | mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular also present
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| Fibers | Found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body
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| Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue | Blood vessels provide nutrition to epithelium and waste removal
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| Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue | Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes that move about freely in areolar tissue
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| Areolar tissue | Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels
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| Areolar tissue | Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
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| Reticular tissue | Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
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| Reticular tissue | Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
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| Reticular tissue | Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
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| Dense regular connective tissue | Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
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| Dense regular connective tissue | Compressed fibroblast nuclei
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| Dense regular connective tissue | Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations
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| Dense regular connective tissue | Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
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| Dense irregular connective tissue | Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells
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| Dense irregular connective tissue | Withstands unpredictable stress
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| Dense irregular connective tissue | Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs
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| Adipose tissue (fat) | tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type
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| Adipose tissue | Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
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| Fat | is the body’s primary energy reservoir
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| The quantity of stored ---- are quite stable in a person | triglyceride and the number of adipocytes
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| Fat | is recycled continuously
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| New ----- synthesized while old molecules hydrolyzed and released to blood | triglycerides
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| Two types of fat: | white and brown
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| White fat is main type (only fat in adults) | Specimens resemble chicken wire
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| White fat | Specimens resemble chicken wire
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| White fat | Cushions organs such as eyeballs, kidneys
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| White fat | Contributes to body contours—female breasts and hips
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| Brown fat | in fetuses, infants, children
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| Brown fat | Color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes
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| Brown fat | Functions as a heat-generating tissue
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| Adipose tissue | Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane
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| Energy storage, insulation, cushioning | Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
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| Energy storage, insulation, cushioning | Brown fat of juveniles produces heat
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| Cartilage | Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix
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| Cartilage | Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx
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| Chondroblasts | cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them
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| Chondrocytes | cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
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| Perichondrium | sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage)
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| Perichondrium | Contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life
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| No blood vessels (avascular) | Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes • Heals slowly
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| Matrix rich | in GAGs and contains collagen fibers
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| Types of cartilage vary with fiber composition | Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
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| Hyaline cartilage | Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers
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| Hyaline cartilage | Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
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| Hyaline cartilage | Locations: articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal
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| Elastic cartilage | Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers
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| Elastic cartilage | Covered with perichondrium
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| Elastic cartilage | Provides flexible, elastic support
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| Elastic cartilage | Locations: external ear and epiglottis
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| Fibrocartilage | Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
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| Fibrocartilage | Resists compression and absorbs shock
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| Fibrocartilage | Locations: pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs
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| Bone (osseous) tissue | is a calcified connective tissue
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| Two forms of osseous tissue | Spongy bone, Compact bone
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| Spongy bone | porous appearance
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| Delicate struts of bone | trabeculae
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| Spongy bone | Covered by compact bone
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| Spongy bone | Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum
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| Compact bone | denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces
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| Compact bone | More complex arrangement
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| Compact bone | Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
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| Compact bone | is arranged in cylinders that surround central (osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones
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| Compact bone | Blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal
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| Compact bone | Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamellae
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| Osteon | central canal and its surrounding lamellae
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells within lacunae
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| Canaliculi | delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
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| Periosteum | tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
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| Blood | Fluid connective tissue
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| Blood | Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place
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| Plasma | blood’s ground substance
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| Formed elements | cells and cell fragments
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| Erythrocytes | red blood cells (RBCs): transport O2 and CO2
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells (WBCs): defend against infection and disease
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| Leukocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
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| Platelets | cell fragments involved in clotting
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| Excitability | ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
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| Excitability | Developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues
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| Membrane potential | electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane
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| In nerve cells | changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells
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| In muscle cells | changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell
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| Nervous tissue | Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
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| Nervous tissue | Neurons (nerve cells) detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells
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| Nervous tissue | Neuroglia (glial cells) protect and assist neurons, are the “housekeepers” of nervous system
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| Neuron parts | Neurosoma, dendrites, axon (nerve fibers)
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| Neurosoma (cell body) | houses nucleus and other organelles; controls protein synthesis
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| Dendrites | short, branched processes that receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to the neurosoma
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| Axon (nerve fiber) | sends outgoing signals to other cells; can be more than a meter long
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| Muscular tissue | elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation
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| Muscular tissue | Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs
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| Muscular tissue | Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation
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| Muscular tissue | Important source of body heat
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| Types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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| Skeletal muscle | Made of muscle fibers—long thin cells
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| Most ----- attach to bone | skeletal muscles
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| Skeletal muscle | Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane
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| Striations | alternating dark and light bands
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| Voluntary | conscious control over skeletal muscles
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| Cardiac muscle | Limited to the heart wall
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| Cardiomyocytes | are short and branched with one centrally located nucleus
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| Intercalated discs | join cardiomyocytes end to end
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| Cardiomyocytes | Provide electrical and mechanical connection
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| Striated and involuntary | (not under conscious control)
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| Smooth muscle | Made of fusiform cells lacking striations
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| Smooth muscle | Cells are relatively short and have one central nucleus
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| Smooth muscle | Involuntary function
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| Smooth muscle | Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs
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| Cell junctions | connections between two cells
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| Cellular junctions | Most cells are anchored to each other or their matrix
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| Cellular junctions | Cells communicate with each other, resist mechanical stress, and control what moves through the gaps between them
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| Tight junction | zipper-like, interlocking linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
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| Tight junction | Seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for substance to pass between cells
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| Desmosome | patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap)
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| Desmosome | Keeps cells from pulling apart—resists mechanical stress
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| Desmosome | Hook-like, J-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton
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| Hemidesmosome | half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane
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| Epithelium | cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues
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| Gap (communicating) junction | formed by ring-like connexons
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| Connexon | consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore
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| Gap Junctions | Ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells
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| Gap Junctions | Located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea
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| Gland | cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body
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| Gland | Usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule
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| Secretion | product useful to the body
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| Excretion | waste product
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| Exocrine glands | maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
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| Surfaces can be external (e.g., sweat, tear glands) | or internal (e.g., pancreas, salivary glands)
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| Endocrine glands | have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood
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| Hormones | chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
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| Endocrine glands | Examples: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands
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| Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions | Examples: liver, gonads, pancreas
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| Unicellular glands | found in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory
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| Endocrine and Exocrine Glands | Can be exocrine or endocrine
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| Endocrine and Exocrine Glands | Examples: mucus-secreting goblet cells in trachea or endocrine cells of stomach
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| Capsule | connective tissue covering of exocrine gland
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| Septa or trabeculae | extensions of capsule that divide interior of gland into compartments (lobes and lobules)
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| Stroma | connective tissue framework of the gland
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| Stroma | Supports and organizes glandular tissue
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| Parenchyma | cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion
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| Parenchyma | Typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium
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| Classification of glands | Duct Shape & Gland Shape
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| Duct shape | Simple (unbranched) • Compound (branched)
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| Gland shape | Tubular, Acinar, Tubulocanir
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| Tubular | narrow secretory portion
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| Acinar | secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)
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| Tubuloacinar (tubuloalveolar) | both tubular and acinar portions
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| Simple colled tubular gland | Example: sweat gland
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| Compound acinar gland | Example: Mammary gland
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| Compound tubuloacinar | Example: pancreas
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| Serous glands | Produce thin, watery secretions
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| Serous Glands | Perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices
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| Mucous Glands | Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
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| Mucous Glands | Goblet cells: unicellular mucous glands
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| Mixed glands | Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
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| Eccrine (merocrine) secretion | uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis
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| Eccrine (merocrine) | Examples: tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and others
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| Apocrine secretion | lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
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| Apocrine secretion | Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells
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| Holocrine secretion | cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
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| Holocrine secretion | Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances
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| Holocrine secretion | Examples: oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids
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|
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| Membranes | may be only epithelial, only connective, or a mix of epithelial, connective, and muscular tissues
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| Membrane | Examples of membranes of only connective tissue: dura mater, synovial membranes, periosteum
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|
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| Examples of membranes of only epithelium | anterior surfaces of cornea and lens of eye
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| Cutaneous membrane (the skin) | largest membrane in the body
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| Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) | resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis)
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|
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| Cutaneous membrane (the skin) | Relatively dry layer serves protective function
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|
||||
| Mucous membrane (mucosa) lines | passages that open to the external environment (e.g., digestive tract)
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|
||||
| Mucous membrane (mucosa) | Sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria (areolar tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
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|
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| Mucous membrane (mucosa) | Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions
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|
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| Mucous membrane (mucosa) | Often have mucus producing goblet cells
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|
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| Serous membrane (serosa) | internal membrane
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|
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| Simple squamous epithelium | resting on a layer of areolar tissue
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|
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| Serous membrane | Produces serous fluid that arises from blood
🗑
|
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| Serous membrane | Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities
🗑
|
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| Serous membrane | Endothelium lines blood vessels and heart
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|
||||
| Serous membrane | Mesothelium lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura)
🗑
|
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| Tissue growth | increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
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|
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| Hyperplasia | growth through cell multiplication
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|
||||
| Hypertrophy | enlargement of preexisting cells
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|
||||
| Hypertrophy | Muscle growth through exercise
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|
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| Hypertrophy | Accumulation of body fat
🗑
|
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| Neoplasia | development of a tumor (neoplasm)
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor | Benign or malignant
🗑
|
||||
| Tumor | Composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Tissues | can change types within certain limits
🗑
|
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| Differentiation | development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
🗑
|
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| Differentiation | Example: embryonic mesenchyme becoming cartilage and bone
🗑
|
||||
| Metaplasia | Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
🗑
|
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| Simple cuboidal tissue | of vagina before puberty changes to stratified squamous after puberty
🗑
|
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| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | of bronchi of smokers to stratified squamous epithelium
🗑
|
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| Stem cells | undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function
🗑
|
||||
| Stem cells | Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells
🗑
|
||||
| Developmental plasticity | ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
🗑
|
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| Damaged tissues can be repaired in two ways | Regeneration & Fibrosis
🗑
|
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| Regeneration | replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before
🗑
|
||||
| Regeneration | Restores normal function • Examples: repair of minor skin or liver injuries
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrosis | replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Scar | holds organs together, but does not restore function
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrosis | Examples: repair of severe cuts and burns, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Healing of a cut in the skin | Severed vessels bleed into cut
🗑
|
||||
| Healing of a cut in the skin | Mast cells and damaged cells release histamine that dilates blood vessels and makes capillaries more permeable
🗑
|
||||
| Healing of a cut in the skin | Blood plasma seeps into the wound carrying antibodies and clotting proteins
🗑
|
||||
| Blood clot forms | Knits edges of cut together
🗑
|
||||
| Blood clot forms | Inhibits spread of pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| Blood Clot | Forms scab that temporarily seals wound and blocks infection
🗑
|
||||
| Macrophages | phagocytize and digest tissue debris
🗑
|
||||
| New capillaries | sprout from nearby vessels
🗑
|
||||
| Deeper portions | of clot become infiltrated by capillaries and fibroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Blood clot | Transform into soft mass called granulation tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Macrophages | remove the blood clot
🗑
|
||||
| Fibroblasts | deposit new collagen
🗑
|
||||
| Skin Wound | Begins 3–4 days after injury and lasts up to 2 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| Epithelial cells | around wound multiply and migrate beneath scab (tissue regenerates)
🗑
|
||||
| Underlying connective tissue | undergoes fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Scar tissue | may or may not show through epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Remodeling (maturation) | phase begins several weeks after injury and may last up to 2 years
🗑
|
||||
| Atrophy | shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number; occurs in normal aging or lack of use
🗑
|
||||
| Necrosis | pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
🗑
|
||||
| Infarction | sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
🗑
|
||||
| Gangrene | tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually involves infection)
🗑
|
||||
| Decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore) | form of dry gangrene from continual pressure on skin
🗑
|
||||
| Dry gangrene | common complication of diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| Wet gangrene | liquefaction of internal organs with infection
🗑
|
||||
| Gas gangrene | usually from infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death
🗑
|
||||
| Normal death of cells | that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way
🗑
|
||||
| Phagocytized | by macrophages and other cells
🗑
|
||||
| Billions of cells die by | apoptosis
🗑
|
||||
| Every cell has a built-in | “suicide program”
🗑
|
||||
| Recent US Presidents | have disagreed on the morality of stem cell use
🗑
|
||||
| Biologists | see many possibilities for the use of embryonic stem cells in treating disease
🗑
|
||||
| Possibilities | include treatments for: parkinsonism, brain cell loss, diabetes, heart damage, and spinal cord injury
🗑
|
||||
| Most embryonic stem cells are donated by couples using in | vitro fertilization
🗑
|
||||
| Adult stem cells | seem limited, as they are hard to harvest and culture and have narrower developmental potential
🗑
|
||||
| Researchers | are trying to induce adult cells to revert to embryonic levels of developmental plasticity
🗑
|
||||
| The extracellular material of a tissue is called the extracellular | Matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Identify the three primary germ layers. | Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
🗑
|
||||
| Which layer gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive tract? | Endoderm
🗑
|
||||
| The primary germ layer between endoderm and ectoderm is called The middle layer of the embryonic germ layers the | mesoderm
🗑
|
||||
| In which type of tissue does the matrix normally occupy much more space than the cells do? | Connective
🗑
|
||||
| What is endoderm? | The inner layer of the primary germ layers
🗑
|
||||
| A thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic observation is called a(n) ---- | histological section
🗑
|
||||
| A tissue found at surfaces, composed of one or more layers of closely adhering cells, is called Blank______ tissue. | epithelial
🗑
|
||||
| Which term is used to describe the free surface of an epithelium? | Apical
🗑
|
||||
| Which function of epithelial tissues is best suited to detecting changes in the environment? | Sensation
🗑
|
||||
| Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane? | Basal
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four types of stratified epithelia? | Stratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and urothelium
🗑
|
||||
| Which are functions of epithelial tissue? | Absorption
Protection
Excretion
🗑
|
||||
| Which type of stratified epithelium is also known as transitional epithelium? | Urothelium
🗑
|
||||
| Which tissue class is comprised of widely-spaced cells and abundant extracellular material? Of the four classes of tissue, Blank______ tissues are the most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues. | Connective
🗑
|
||||
| A connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibers and ground substance is a(n) | fibroblast
🗑
|
||||
| Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue? | Fibroblasts, macrophages, white blood cells, adipocytes
🗑
|
||||
| What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue? | Reticular
Elastic
Collagenous
🗑
|
||||
| of the four main types of ----- tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and binds tissues to one another. | connective
🗑
|
||||
| Which tissue type is found in tissue sections from most parts of the body? | Areolar tissue
🗑
|
||||
| A mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts make up ---- tissue | reticular
🗑
|
||||
| How are the different types of fibrous connective tissue distinguished from one another? | By whether the arrangement of fibers is dense or loose
🗑
|
||||
| Where would areolar connective tissue be found? | In the fascia between muscles
Surrounding blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| Elastic fibers are Blank______ than collagenous fibers. | thinner
🗑
|
||||
| Which connective tissue is composed of loosely arranged reticular fibers and lymphocytes? | Reticular connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Dense regular connective tissue is primarily composed of which fibers? | Collagenous
🗑
|
||||
| Where is reticular connective tissue found? | spleen
🗑
|
||||
| Which is a location of dense irregular connective tissue? | Fibrous sheath around bones
🗑
|
||||
| Which connective tissue contains loosely arranged cells, elastic fibers, and collagenous fibers? | Areolar connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Adipocytes are the predominant cell type in which connective tissue? | Adipose
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage is best described as which of the following? | A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Which tissue would be the best at resisting pulling forces applied from several directions? | Dense irregular connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Which cell produces cartilage matrix? | Chondroblast
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage in the epiglottis is | elastic cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Within cartilage, cells called Blank______ secrete cartilage matrix | chrondoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Cells that produce cartilage matrix are called ---- Once they become surrounded by matrix and trapped in lacunae, they become | chrondoblasts; chrondocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Mature bone cells that sit in lacunae are called | Osteocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage in the epiglottis is Blank______. | elastic cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Canaliculi and lacunae are located in Blank______ tissue. | bone
🗑
|
||||
| The liquid portion of blood is called | plasma
🗑
|
||||
| Which cell produces cartilage matrix? | chrondoblast
🗑
|
||||
| A mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes surrounded by its own matrix and entrapped in a lacuna is a(n) | osteocyte
🗑
|
||||
| The ground substance of blood is | plasma
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocytes are Blank______ than red blood cells and have Blank______, which red blood cells do not have. | larger; nuclei
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following are formed elements of blood? | Erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes
🗑
|
||||
| A formed element of the blood involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss is a(n) | platelet
🗑
|
||||
| Blood plasma is best defined as which of the following? | liquid portion of blood
🗑
|
||||
| The type of cell indicated by the arrow in the image is a(n) | neuron
🗑
|
||||
| Of the four classes of tissues, ---- tissue consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation | muscular
🗑
|
||||
| The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and | cardiac
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac Muscle | Branched, uninucleate, striated cells
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal Muslce | Uninucleate, fusiform, nonstriated cells
🗑
|
||||
| A single skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle | fiber
🗑
|
||||
| Which tissue can exert physical force on other tissues and organs? | muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal muscle fibers have Blank______ nuclei/nucleus. | multiple
🗑
|
||||
| Merocrine glands are also called Blank______ glands. | eccrine
🗑
|
||||
| Exocrine glands that release their secretions by disintegrating are classified as | holocrine glands
🗑
|
||||
| Three main types of body membranes? | Cutaneous
Serous
Mucous
🗑
|
||||
| Which membranes line passages that open to the exterior of the body? | mucous
🗑
|
||||
| Growth of a tissue due to an increase in cell number is called | hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| What are 2 processes by which tissues grow? | Cells increase in number
Existing cells get larger
🗑
|
||||
| Growth of a tissue through cellular enlargement is called | hypertropy
🗑
|
||||
| Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by Growth of a tissue due to an increase in cell number is called | hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Children have red bone marrow in their long bones which changes to yellow bone marrow (fat) by adulthood. This is an example of which of the following? | metaplasia
🗑
|
||||
| The membranes lining the inside surface of the respiratory and digestive tracts are examples of ---- membranes | mucous or Mucous
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue grow through | hypertropy
🗑
|
||||
| Two types of stem cells are | embryonic and adult
🗑
|
||||
| Stem cells have various degrees of developmental ---- , or diversity of mature cell types to which they can give rise. | plasticity
🗑
|
||||
| Cells that are stem cells that can develop into any cell type of a developing embryo but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy are called | Pluripotent cells
🗑
|
||||
| Growth of a tissue due to an increase in cell number is called | hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Small numbers of ---- stem cells are found within mature organs and tissues throughout one's life. | adult
🗑
|
||||
| Adult stem cells are found in | fetuses and adults
🗑
|
||||
| Composed mainly of collagen fibers, ---- is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue. | fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with | scar tissue
🗑
|
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