psy history
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| Biological perspective | the physical basis for animal and human behavior
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| Psychodynamic perspective | the psychological forces that influence human feelings, emotions, and behavior
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| Behavioral perspective | the approach suggests that understanding development is primarily based on observable behavior and external environmental stimuli.
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| Humanistic perspective | a thought that focuses on the whole person rather than part of them
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| Cognitive perspective | how people think, learn, remember, and perceive events
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| Positive perspective | human success, well-being and how to help people reach their potential
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| Cross-cultural perspective | how cultural factors influence human behavior
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| Evolutionary perspective | related to the way that cognitive behaviors go through the process of natural selection just as the human body has done
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| Biological psychologist | study the brain and nervous system to understand how the brain works and how it relates to human behavior
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| Cognitive psychologist | study how the brain works – how we think, remember and learn
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| Developmental psychologist | study human growth over their lifespan
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| Experimental psychologist | use scientific methods to collect data and perform research
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| Personality psychologist | study how people’s personalities differ and how those differences affect them as individuals
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| Clinical psychologist | assess, diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders
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| Educational psychologist | apply theories of human development to understand individual learning and inform the instructional process
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| Social psychologist | study how people interact in social contexts and how psychology can improve those interactions
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| Health psychologist | study how patients handle illness
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| Industrial-organizational psychologist | focus on the behavior of employees in the workplace
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| What does the science of fetal origins refer to? | A theory that suggests that events that occur during early development can significantly impact a person's risk of developing certain diseases later in life
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| What diseases have been associated with what happens during prenatal development? | Asthma, depression, anemia, chronic illnesses, high blood pressure, infections, hep B, drug and alcohol use
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| What is meant by the nature-nurture debate? | The question of how much a person’s characteristics are formed by either “nature” or “nurture.
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| What important brain discovery was made in the early 1700s? | damage to one side affects the opposite side of the body
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| What important brain discovery was made in the early the 1800s? | different brain area were associated with different functions
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| What did Rene Descartes mean by interactive dualism? | That the mind and body are separate entities but work together which means our mental states can affect our physical conditions
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| Structuralism school | focuses on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components
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| Functionalism school | theory about the nature of mental states
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| Behaviorism school | theory of learning suggests that all behavior are acquired through conditioning which occurs through interaction with the environment
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| Gestalt school | they look at human mind and behavior as a whole
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| Psychoanalysis school | a treatment based on a theory that our present is shaped by our past
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| Structuralism founder | Wilhelm Wundt
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| Functionalism founder | William James
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| Behaviorism founder | John B. Watson
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| Gestalt founder | Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler
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| Psychoanalysis founder | Sigmund Freud
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| Structuralism emphasis | analyze the basic elements of the mind
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| Functionalism emphasis | the function and purpose of mental processes in adapting to one's environment
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| Behaviorism emphasis | the study of observable behavior
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| Gestalt emphasis | perception was based on seeing things as a complete whole, not as separate components
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| Psychoanalysis emphasis | childhood experience, particularly the psychosexual stages
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| Who established the first psychological lab in Germany in 1879? | Wilhelm Wundt
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| What was introspection? | the process of examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and mental processes
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| What was introspection used to study? | the basic elements of conscious experience, like thoughts, feelings, and sensations
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| Which school advocated introspection use? | Structuralism
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| What were the contributions of G. Stanley Hall and Francis Sumner? | G. Stanley Hall mentored Francis Sumner, the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology. He helped establish developmental psychology. Sumner is known for paving the way for other Black psychologists at Howard University.
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| Who was the first woman president of the APA? | Mary Whiton Calkins
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| Who was the first American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology? | Margaret Floy Washburn
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| Whose essay published in the mid-1800s influenced the founder of Functionalism? | William James
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| Who wrote Principles of Psychology? | William James
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| What were the contributions of the School of Functionalism? | led directly to the emergence of behaviorism in the mid 20th century, which views human behavior as a type of 'reflex' in response to external stimuli.
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| Whose research influenced John B. Watson? | Ivan Pavlov
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| How did Watson see the new science of psychology? | Psychology is viewed as an objective, experimental science focusing on observable behavior, aiming to predict and control it through environmental factors, rather than the "science of the mind."
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| What was the focus of the Gestalt school? | the whole of anything is greater than its parts
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| How did Psychoanalysis differ from the other early classical schools? | Classical schools prioritize conscious thought and rational analysis, often focusing on philosophy and literature, while Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and repressed desires and memories.
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| Who were two psychologists who founded the humanistic movement? | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
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| When was the humanistic movement perspective established? | 13th and 14th centuries
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| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs | The bottom two levels are physiological needs and safety needs. Next are social and esteem needs—also referred to as psychological needs. Self-actualization needs are at the top level
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| What does it mean to be self-actualized? | the process of becoming the best version of yourself, or reaching your full potential
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| Give one-two examples of self-actualized people. | Albert Einstein for his significant contributions to science and profound intellectual capacity, and Mother Teresa for her unwavering dedication to serving the poor and demonstrating profound compassion and altruism
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