Chapter 2 - ANT2410
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| small stylized statues of females made in a variety of materials by early modern humans | “Venus” figurines
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| tree-dwelling | arboreal
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| spear thrower; a device used to increase and extend the power of the human arm when throwing a spear | atlatl
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| members of an early hominid genus found in Africa and characterized by bipedal locomotion and small brain size | australopithecines
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| walking on two feet, a distinctive characteristic of humans and our ancestors; appeared earlier than increased brain size or tool use | bipedalism
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| frequency change of a particular trait as you move geographically from one point to another. | clinal distribution
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| descent with modification from a single common ancestor or ancestral population | evolution
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| mixing of genetic material that results from the movement of individuals and groups from place to place. | gene flow
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| changes in the frequencies of specific traits caused by random factors. | genetic drift
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| a group of similar species | genus
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| species of early human found in Africa, Asia, and Europe; present between 1.8 million & about 200,000 years ago; brain/body size >; brain vol.1000cc size up to 1250 cc | Homo erectus
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| species of early human found in Africa; present between 2.5 & 1.8 million years ago; brains lrg compared to body; skulls high & less protrusion in face | Homo habilis
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| species of human found throughout the world; earliest appeared about 500,000 years ago | Homo sapiens
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| theory that seeks to explain transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens, by proposing that modern & archaic forms interbred | hybridization model
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| pigment found in the skin, hair, and eyes of human beings, as well as many other species, that is responsible for variations in color | melanin
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| theory that seeks to explain transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens, arguing different populations of Homo sapiens are descendant from different populations of Homo erectus | multiregional model
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| random change in genetic material; the ultimate source of all biological variation | mutation
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| mechanism of evolutionary change; changes in traits of living organisms that occur over time as a result of differences in reproductive success among individuals | natural selection
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| members of a population of archaic Homo sapiens; lived between 130,000 & 35,000 years ago | Neanderthal
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| stone tools made by Homo habilis | Oldowan tools
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| animal that eats both plant and animal foods | omnivore
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| slight difference in the image of an object seen from two different vantage points | parallax
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| member of a biological order of mammals that includes human beings, apes, and monkeys as well as prosimians (lemurs, tarsiers, and others) | primate
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| theory that modern people evolved 1st in Africa & then spread out to inhabit virtually all the world, out-competing/destroying other human populations in the process | replacement model
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| childhood disease characterized by the softening and bending of leg and pelvis bones; related to insufficiency of vitamin D and/or calcium | rickets
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| theory that the evolution of certain traits can be explained by competition for opportunities to mate | sexual selection
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| group of organisms whose members are similar to one another and are able to reproduce within their group but not with members of other groups | species
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| learned use of twigs or blades of grass to extract termites from their mounds characteristic of some groups of chimpanzees | termite fishing
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| in its broadest sense evolution refers to __ change | directional
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| evolution is a __ of populations, not individual organisms | characteristic
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| for a change to be evolutionary in a biological sense, it must affect the __ we pass on to next generations | genes
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| evolution is the primary way we understand the __ history of humanity, and all life | biological
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| 6th century BCE Anaximander of Milteus speculated that humans arose from | fish
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| used evidence of fossil fish from numerous place around Mediterranean to support Anaximander's theory | Xenophanes of Colophon
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| biological anthropology fits into cultural anthropology because human behavior rest on a | biological base
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| language, two-legged stance, & need to reproduce are all __ __ that are basic to human culture | evolved traits
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| understanding human's evolutionary history is important to cultural anthropologists because it informs us about the things that all humans | have in common
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| most convincing scientific explanation of variety/history of live on earth, theory of evolution by | Charles Darwin
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| __ among members of a species comes from mutation, sexual reproduction, gene flow, & gene drift | variations
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| mutations are the __ __ of all variation | ultimate source
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| gene flow also creates | new variations
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| a random factor that cause a specific characteristic to be prevalent in the descents of this group | isolation
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| before development of sanitation is 19th century & antibiotics in 20th century, vast numbers of children | died very young
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| more than 40% of all deaths in London between 1813-1820 were | children <10 yr
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| in the world's poorer nations, in modern times, large numbers of children die | before 5yr
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| in 2003 , 11 African nations __ of children died before age 5yr | 20%
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| Darwin was profoundly affected by the __ & __ philosophy of his era | social; political
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| these philosophers emphasized role of competition in humans social life & culture | Adam Smith & Thomas Malthus
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| argued competition among firms increased their productivity & led to social betterment | Smith, 1770s
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| wrote that because human population levels rose much faster than agricultural production, struggles over resources were inevitable | Malthus
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| Darwin gave __ & __ prominent roles in his theory | competition; struggle
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| creatures who has traits that suited them well to their environment tended to __ in struggle for nutrition & reproduction | win
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| Darwin argued that creatures who won survival struggle passed some __ __ to offspring | successful traits
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| Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is referred to as | survival of the fittest
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| survival of the fittest was a phrase coined by | Herbert Spencer (1864)
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| regarding "fitness" referring to wealth, power, & physical strength | Spencer
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| regarding "fitness" referring to creatures better adapted to environment tend to succeed in struggle for food/mates, passing on traits, & less well adapted traits tend to disappear | Darwin
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| __ & __ do not necessarily guarantee reproductive success | strength; intelligence
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| Darwin understood evolution by natural selection as a slow, steady, __ process | continuous
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| proposed alternative model of evolution called punctuated equilibrium | Niles Eldridge & Stephen Jay Gould (1972)
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| Eldridge & Gould agreed with the basic __ __ of natural selection | Darwinian mechanism
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| species tend to remain stable for long periods, then through mutation & natural selection, change quite suddenly; supported by much of fossil record | punctuated equilibrium
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| evolution challenges a __ __ of the world's religious texts about how animals came to live on the earth | literal reading
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| in 1950 declared that evolution was compatible with Christian teachings | Catholic Church
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| in 2007, said the debate between evolution & creationism in US was an "absurdity" & that evolution can coexist w/faith | Pope Benedict XVI
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| in official publications/conference proceedings, United Presbyterian Ch., Episcopalian Ch., Unitarian Ch., United Methodist Ch., & Central Council of American Rabbis have all supported evolution & opposed teaching of | scientific creationism in public schools
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| evolution has become part of the basic framework of all | biological sciences
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| biological scientists agree on basic principles of evolution/natural selection, but argue about __ of evolution & precise __ under which it occurs | speed; conditions
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| all arguing sides of natural selection debate agree on basic principles but differ on | specific applications
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| modern-day human & modern-day gorillas & chimpanzees evolved from | common ancestors
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| it is biologically __ to say that humans evolved from apes/monkeys & leads to ___ of evolution | inaccurate; misunderstanding
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| by saying humans evolved from gorillas/chimpanzees suggests that humans are | more evolved
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| no creature can be more __ than another | evolved
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| belief that intellect/ability to alter environment is most important criterion of evolution is a __ __ of looking at biology | human-centered way
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| no agreed upon __ __ of humans, gorillas & chimpanzees has been found | common ancestor
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| through __ & info from __ __ give us information about the common ancestor of humans, gorillas & chimpanzees | fossils ; biochemical dating
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| biological anthropologists use fossil record & tech. based on study of DNA, blood protein, blood-clotting agents, & immunology to try to determine __ common ancestors of humans, gorillas & chimpanzees lived | when
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| creatures that became humans & apes split from those that gave rise to monkeys of Europe, Africa & Asia | 25-20 million yrs ago
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| humans last had common ancestor with gorillas about | 8 million yrs ago
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| humans last had common ancestor with orangutans about | 13 million yrs ago
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| humans last had common ancestor with chimpanzees about | 7 million yrs ago
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| all primates originated from __ mammals | tree-dwelling
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| to survive in 3D world of trees, primates needed hands & feet with | opposable thumbs
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| tree-dwelling primates developed very __ __ & __ __ | acute eyesight; depth perception
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| in primates accurate depth perception comes from | stereoscopic vision
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| primate's field of vision of each eye __ the other | overlaps
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| overlapping vision allows primates to see objects __ from 2 slightly different angles at once | close-up
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| most scent molecules are __ and tend accumulate at __ level | heavy; ground
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| make scent a less dependable indicator of direction | breezes
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| primates have a reduced sense of __ compared with that of other mammals | smell
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| primates, in particular humans/apes, have a larger __ compared to body weight than do other animals | brain
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| almost all primates live in __ __ | social groups
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| live in group consisting of single adult male & numerous adult females & offspring | gorillas
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| live in groups that include several adult males & females & offspring | chimpanzees
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| live in monogamous pairs | gibbons & several species of monkeys
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| live in groupings w/one female and two males | monkeys from Central/South America
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| core of primate societies is the bond between mother & | offspring
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| the mother-infant bond is stronger in primates than any other animals, w/exception to | elephants
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| besides the mother, the __ plays an important role in parenting | grandmother
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| primates have an enormous ability & __ to learn | need
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| by __, primates refine their physical skills, explore their world, & practice solving problems | playing
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| both males & females are ranked as superior/inferior to one another | dominance hierarchies
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| anthropologists believe __ serve to limit amount of aggression | hierarchies
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| lower-ranking individuals less likely to challenge those w/more status than might otherwise be the case once | hierarchy is established
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| greater access to food, sex, & other resource is the __ __ to a high rank in the hierarchy | critical benefit
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| though presence of hierarchy prevents constant conflict, aggression does occur to change | patterns of dominance
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| recorded 1st tool used among non-human primates in 1960 | Jane Goodall
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| most sophisticated tool use, among non-human primates, is found among | chimpanzees & baboons
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| reported chimpanzees fashioning sticks into spears & using them to hunt bush babies (squirrel-sized nocturnal primates) | Pruetz & Bertolani (2007)
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| reported chimpanzees in Ivory Coast used hammer stones to break nuts & stone piles/chips left by process very similar to remains of early hominin tools | Mercader, Panger & Boesch (2002)
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| 2 well-documented examples of chimpanzee & bonobo tool use are | termite fishing & leaf sponges
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| chimpanzees take leaves, chew them, & use resulting wad of material to soak up water from tree hollows & other places of difficult access | leaf sponges
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| among all primates who use tools, it is __ who first develop tool-using skills | females
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| females generally become __ __ at tool use when compared to males | more adapt
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| tool use behavior among sea otters, woodpecker finches & other non-primates seems largely | instinctive
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| different behavior patterns, such as tool use, are __ __ patterns passed along as part of knowledge of the social group | learned behavior
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| humans & nearest ape relations have been following __ __ of evolution for past 5-8million years | separate courses
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| history of human evolution is a narrative of | growth & movement
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| humans had to innovate, apply learning in new/original ways, adapt by changing our behaviors in order to live in | many different ecosystems
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| all human ancestors, current-day humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, & orangutans are member of biological family of | Hominidae
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| if male & female are capable of producing offspring they are | members of same species
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| if male & female are not capable of producing offspring, or offspring are infertile, they are | members of different species
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| since there is no available test for fossil ancestors, w/regard to offspring, so determining species membership is | speculative
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| human ancestors & modern-day people fall into | Australopithecus or Homo
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| modern people are members of genus | Homo
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| many ancient ancestors of modern people are members of | Australopithecus
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| larger/harder something is the longer it takes to __, & greater chance of __ | decay; fossilization
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| hardest part of body, easiest to fossilize | teeth
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| large & found more frequently than smaller bones of the ribs | skull & leg bones
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| decay very rapidly & rarely found | soft tissues
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| techniques such as aerial/ground-based surveys, satellite imagery, & radar are used at certain geological formations to | locate fossils
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| once fossil-bearing site found is it __ & __ | photographed; mapped
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| fossil-bearing sites are usually divided into a __ | grid
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| grids in fossil-bearing sites are __ examined by section | systematically
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| complex & highly technical procedure; incl potassium/argon (K/Ar), Carbon14 (C14), thermoluminescence & paleomagnetic | dating of fossils
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| dating techniques provide date | ranges
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| date ranges are generally specified as + or - | a certain number of years
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| critical thing that differentiates human & our ancestors from modern-day apes & their ancestors is | bipedal stance & locomotion
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| shaped differently than those of animals that walk on all fours | skulls & pelvises of bipeds
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| freed hands allowing our ancestors to carry things for long distances & make tools | bipedal locomotion
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| fossil skull, earliest evidence of creature considered ancestral to humans, found 2002 in Chad | Toumai
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| early/mid-1990's, discovered remains of 40+ who lived approximately 4.4million yrs ago | Tim White
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| large jaws, small brains; teeth similar to modern-day chimpanzees; pelvic bones, skulls, & forelimbs indicated bipedal | Ardipithecus ramidus
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| earliest Australopithecine fossils are from N. __ & are between 3.9-4.2 million yrs old | Kenya
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| 1974, Hadar Ethiopia, "Lucy" 40% of bones present, discovered by team lead by | Donald Johanson
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| Laetoli Tanzania, 3.5 million-year-old bed of volcanic ash found (2) footprint trails by Australopithecines | Mary Leakey
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| small, light, slender, standing 3.5-5ft tall wght 65-100 lbs; 1/3 size of modern humans; lived in arid/semiarid grasslands, bushlands, & forests; found by Hadar & Leakey are called | gracile Australopithecines
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| heavier skulls, reinforced w/bony ridges & substantially lrg teeth/jaws; adapted for chewing heavy, course material; lived in Africa until 1 million yr ago | robust Australopithecines
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| critical factor in human evolution | toolmaking
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| 1st Australopithecus africanus skull identified | Taungs child
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| the array of teeth of the Homo habilis suggests they were | omnivores
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| the fact that Oldowan tools were designed for cutting & bashing rather than hunting suggests that Homo habilis rarely | killed large animals
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| stone rings found at Olduvai Gorge (N. Tanzania) indicate Homo habilis probably built shelters for | protection from predators & climate
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| earliest remains of Homo habilis are from __ __ & had been believed they were limited to that continent | eastern/southern Africa
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| fossils from Indonesia/China, Oldowan-style tools in Pakistan/France, skulls/fossils similar to habilis in Damanisi/Rep. of Georgia indicate | habilis spread out of Africa
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| the geographic dispersion of habilis suggests they were more __ & __ on __ than was previously thought | adaptable; dependent; culture
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| Homo erectus fossils come from __ __ & are about 1.8 million yrs old | Northern Kenya
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| Homo erectus were substantially larger than habilis, roughly the same size as | modern-day people
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| 1.6 million-yr-old skeleton of 12-yr-old boy found at Lk Turkana Kenya estimate that if they boy had grown to maturity he would have been | at least 6ft tall
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| not only is the Homo erectus skull larger but its bone are | heavier
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| erectus has a __ ridge of bone above eyes & __ bone is thick | heavy; cranial
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| erectus' thick bones/heavy reinforcing features suggests very strong | jaw muscles
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| erectus' skulls is marked by disproportionate shortness/thickness, making the largest point | below the ears
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| Homo erectus' named by Eugene Dubois 1890s, years before any of australopithcines finds, so he named them because he believed he had found | oldest human ancestor who walked upright
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| erectus was found before the fossils of earlier bipedal species because its | geographic spread was much larger
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| inhabited much of Africa, Europe, & Asia; major finds have been made in eastern/northern/southern Africa, Spain, Middle East, China & Indonesia | erectus
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| from its __ __ __ we know erectus was able to adapt to life in greater variety of ecological/climatic settings | wide geographic spread
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| much of the era of erectus happened during | Ice Ages
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| in order to thrive in many different habitats, erectus developed increasingly | sophisticated & complex culture
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| important window on erectus culture provided by human/animals remains & artifacts (more than 40 erectus individuals/>100,000 artifacts) found at | Zhoukoudian, China (near Beijing)
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| inhabited between 450,000 & 230,000 yrs ago by erectus | Zhoukoudian
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| choppers, scrapers, points, & awls from stone; deer antlers for tools & possibly skulls for drinking bowls; remains of fires, | inhabitants of Zhoukoudian
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| most anthropologists agree erectus was capable of __ fire | controlling
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| show erectus was capable of hunting/butchering elephants 1/2 million years ago | remains in Spain
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| many erectus fossil sites show marks of __ __ as well as cut marks from tools | carnivore teeth
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| evidence of __ among the bone tools at Zhoukoudian suggests that clothing was made from animal skins | needles
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| debate about the basic validity of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is largely | political and religious rather than scientific
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| increasing acquisition of sophisticated, learned, cultural behavior is the __ __ in human evolution | critical trend
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| Raymond Dart made his critical fossil discovery | in the 1920s
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| one possible explanation for differences in skin color has to do with the response of people with different skin colors to | cold climates
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| some __ of erectus fossils from Zhoukoudian were removed after death | brains
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| homo erectus find 2003; new species of hominin called "the Hobbit"; discovered on isl. of Flores Indonesia; small variety of Homo erectus | Homo floresiensis
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| some anthropologists belief floresiensis is a __ __ of erectus | dwarf form
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| some anthropologists belief floresiensis is Homo sapiens with | diseases or congenital malformations
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| depending on the assumptions of the researcher, some recent tests found floresiensis similar to __ or __ | erectus; habilis
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| critical anatomical distinctions between erectus & sapiens lie in the __ & __ of the skull | volume; shape
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| skull lacks heavy bony ridge above eyes; skull is high & vaulted w/lrg forehead | sapiens
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| skeletal changes between erectus & sapiens reflect tight interrelationship of | learned behavior & biological evolution
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| Neanderthals had brain sizes overlapping & __ __ than modern people | sometimes larger
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| by 35,000 yr ago Homo __ __ had spread throughout the range of all populations & was the only form present | sapiens sapiens
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| two prominent theories of how transition of erectus to sapiens took place | multiregional & replacement models
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| supporters of multiregional model argue that since none of populations were isolated individuals & their genes moved freely & humanity developed as a | single unified species simultaneously
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| multiregional model seems to explain from of __ __ among modern human populations | anatomical variations
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| data supporting replacement model is based on | biochemical & genetic evidence
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| replacement model has taken evidence from __ __ showing all living humans share at least one common ancestor | mitochondrial DNA
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| DNA from remains of archaic Homo populations shows that __ & __ ancestral populations split 370,000 yr ago | human & Neanderthal
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| hybridization model provides __ __ between multiregional & replacement models | common ground
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| __ model has the most recent data supporting it & is widely accepted in biological sciences | replacement
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| __ __ of Neanderthals show complex culture is not limited to modern Homo sapiens | burial practices
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| Shanidar Cave, Iraq, shows Neanderthals had __ __ for burial of dead, through the high levels of pollen in graves indicating burial with flowers | symbolic rituals
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| Moula-Guercy cave in France shows evidence that Neanderthals practiced | cannibalism
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| made tools of much greater sophistication, efficiency, & variety than any prior species | Homo sapiens sapiens
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| critical innovation of Homo sapiens sapiens was the __ __, made of several wood, bone, & stone pieces bound together | compound tool
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| extremely __ __ tools have been found in eastern Congo, dated between 75,000-180,000 yr old making older than any sapiens sapiens tools found in Europe | complex bone
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| shortly after modern people appeared __ __ of large mammals became extinct | 50 genera
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| domestication of plants & animals involved substantial increases in the | amount of work humans had to do
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| origin of current industrialized society lies in the move to dependency on __ __ & __ 10,000 yr ago | domesticated plants; animals
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| geographical gradient | cline
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| pattern of __ __ distribution leads anthropologists to believe having one/another gives specific advantages/disadvantages under different environmental conditions | blood type
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| good example of trait that follows clinal distribution | sickle cell gene
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| sickle cell gene is common in areas that have a high incidence of | malaria
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| skin color is a complex trait because little known about geographic distribution & their __ significance | adaptive
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| all humans have about the same number of | melanocytes
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| amount of __ produced by melanocytes differs among human populations | melanin
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| melanin in the skin absorbs __ __ protecting people from form of skin cancer | ultraviolet rays
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| in northern latitudes light skin color must confer some __ advantage | reproductive
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| melanin reduces the amount of ultraviolet light to interact with cells that produce | vitamin D precursors
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| apply their knowledge of physical anthropology to identification of skeletal or badly decomposed human remains | forensic anthropologists
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| one of Guatemala's leading human rights activists | Karen Fisher
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| almost killed in 9/11 attacks & ended up working w/NY Medical Examiner's office in identifying more than 16,000 body parts at the disaster site | Amy Mundorff
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| conducts forensic casework in TX & AZ; collects data on US/Mexico border-crossing fatalities | Kate Spradley
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| forensic anthropologist at U of TX that unearthed a body under a houses foundation | Michelle Hamilton
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| 50% of the world's 634 recognized species & subspecies of __ are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered | primates
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| In __ 71% of primates are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered | Asia
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| 37% of __ primates are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered | Africa's
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| one key factor threatening primate populations is | destruction of habitat
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| in some areas combination of __ increase & __ demand resulted in destruction of 90% of original habitat for primates | population; commercial
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
lfrancois
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