D&DFINAL
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| "Little death" in childhood | divorce, moving, new siblings
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| Protothanatic | Behavior, such as the child's game of "peekaboo," that involves preparation for concepts about life and death that eventually emerge in later interactions with the environment.
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| Erikson, Piaget and understanding of death | progression through "stages"
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| Erikson 3-6 | preoccupation with bodily harm
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| Piaget 3-6 | magical thinking and realistic causes of death, reversible, disbelief that death can happen
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| Erikson 6-11 | Industry vs. Inferiority, death would deprive child of important sense of recognition, don't want others to know
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| Piaget 6-11 | Being to use logic, more mature concept of death
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| Erikson 11+ | Identity vs. Role confusion, Death can threaten achievement of goals
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| Piaget 11+ | Abstract and symbolic thinking, "won't happen to me"
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| Bereavement in children | child's response to loss, role of guilt (lasting impact on child) adults as "role models"
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| Sibling death | Increases sense of vulnerability to death
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| Parental bereavement | Can strain/stronger relationship with one another, interpretation of each other's behavior. Need communication, social support, and accept differences
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| Childbearing losses | -anger @ child -confusion at that anger -physical reminders ex.lactation -others attempt to minimize the loss in an effort to console
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| Stillbirth | disenfranchised grief
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| Death of a parent | -represents loss of nature and support -may prompt reevaluation in goals, values -launch developmental push toward maturity -heighten recognition of one's own mortality
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| Aging and aged | -may bring reflection about the meaning of mortality and "paths not taken" -old-old is the fastest growing segment of aged population
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| Differences in forms of childbearing losses? | -Miscarriage (20 weeks or prior) -Induced abortion -Infertility -Stillbirth -Neonatal death -SIDS -Adoption
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| Why suicide? | -influenced by culture, personality and life situation -usually not one single answer
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| The psychological autopsy | -clarify mode of death -connection between timing of death and state of mind -may help survivors
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| Limitations to psychological autopsy | -lack of standardized procedures -retrospective nature -may distort representations of the decedent
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| Sociological model | -Emile Durkheim -suicide results from the disturbances in ties between individual and society
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| Egoistic suicide | low social integration "loner", excessive individualism
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| Altruistic suicide | high social regulation, don't have personal identity
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| Anomic suicides | low social regulation (Ex. after natural disaster)
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| Fatalistic suicides | high social regulation (ex. prison)
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| Contemporary model | -sociological and psychological models -eternal and internal forces
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| Psychache | -assaulted self image, avoidance of shame -ruptured key relationships
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| Types of suicide | -escape (physical, emotional) -psychotic depression and suicide -subintentional and chronic suicide ("life in the fast lane") -cry for help
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| Risk factors | -culture -personality -individual situation -biological factors
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| Interpersonal violence vs random violence | low anxiety vs high anxiety
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| Lessening the potential for violence | -avoid labels and dehumanizing -promote communication and contact between potential adversaries -refrain from physical punishment -champion the good guys -teach alternatives to violence -reduce the attractiveness of violence through mass media
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| War | -different rules -psychic numbing -effects on survivors -"phantom army" -post traumatic stress disorder -genocide -technological warfare
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| The mind of a terrorist | -seek to impose their own concepts of right and wrong on those who fail to share their views -believe that they are engaged in a worthy and just struggle
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| Noncorporeal continuity | the notion that life continues in some form after death is one of the oldest concepts held by human beings
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| % of Americans that believe in life after death | 80%
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| Jewish beliefs about death | -body remains intact with soul -heaven or hell
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| Classic Greek beliefs about death | -eternal life -mourn for 40 days
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| Islamic beliefs about death | -afterlife is both physical and spiritual
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| Asian beliefs about death | -death is enemy of life -transfer of being to another body (or part of being) -reincarnation
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| Hindu beliefs about death | -Samsara (journey of stories of reincarnation) -foundation of moral order -personification of time
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| Buddhist beliefs about death | -no self (liberated after death)
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| Secular concepts | -death divorced from religious and mythic meanings -emphasis on scientific and rational -Humanism, positivism, and existentialism are are ex. of secular alternatives to religious orientations -person may hold both religious and secular beliefs same
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| Secularization | "the process in modern societies whereby reose their religious ideas, practice, and organizations lose their influence in the face of scientific and other knowledge"
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| Humanism | Achievements (cultural and intellectual) that you accomplished
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| Positivism | Scientific method, directly observed. Do we see it in nature?
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| Existentialism | Focusing on individual responsibility on who I am now and how will my name continue?
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| Near death experience | Dr.Raymond Moody, 5% of population (774 each day) Proof of life after death vs. response to the threat of death
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