Juvenile Justice System
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| What does the juvenile justice system focus on? | rehabilitation
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| During colonial times, at what age could children be banished, sentenced to death, etc.? | age 7
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| houses of refuge | intended to assist with reform movement in 1825; state-run until 1899. Largely failed.
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| Patria postestas | father's right to use harsh punishment and discipline on their children
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| child savers | first "social workers"; pushed for a different system and modified treatment of children
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| What case led to the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to children being founded? | the case of Mary Ellen Wilson
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| When and where were juvenile courts first established? | 1899; Chicago
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| By what year did all states implement some form of separate juvenile court system? | 1950
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| Parens patriae | doctrine that gives the state the power to act as a child's parent or in the child's best interest?
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| What is a child offender called? | delinquent
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| Kent v. United States | Supreme Court ruled that delinquents had the right to a hearing before transfer to adult court
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| In re Gault | Supreme Court ruled that delinquents are entitled to due process protection
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| In re Winship | Supreme Court ruled that standard of evidence for delinquents must be beyond reasonable doubt
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| McKeiver v. Pennsylvania | Supreme Court ruled that a jury of peers for a delinquent (other minors) would create an adversarial atmosphere
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| Roper v. Simmons | Supreme court ruled execution of a minor as a violation of the 8th amendment
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| What is the youngest age a juvenile can be arrested in PA? | 10
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| At what age can you seek or deny medical treatment or counseling in PA? | 14
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| At what age can you consent to sexual activity? | 16
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| At what age do you go to the adult criminal system? | 18
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| At what age must you be released from a juvenile facility? | 21
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| Graham v. Florida | Supreme Court ruled that delinquents who have not committed murder cannot be sentenced to life without parole
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| Miller v. Alabama | Supreme Court ruled that even for murder, life without parole violated 8th amendment
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| Montgomery v. Louisiana | Supreme Court ruled that all inmates sentenced as juveniles must be retroactively resentenced
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| juvenile delinquency | refers to juvenile offenders who engage in illegal acts
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| status offenses | acts illegal only for juveniles
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| Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 | designed to prevent delinquency and improve juvenile justice system
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| Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention | established to support community efforts to provide treatment and rehabilitation programs
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| superpredators | term coined in the 1990s referring to violent juveniles
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| What are some special rules for initial contact with juvenile delinquents? | detention can last no longer than 6 hours, no interviews without parental consent, no secure holding
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| School Resource Officer | officer employed by a local agency and assigned to a school
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| delinquent child | child who violates criminal law
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| undisciplined child | child beyond parental control as shown by refusal to obey legitimate authorities
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| dependent child | child with no parents or guardians OR a child without proper parental care and control necessary for their safety and well-being
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| neglected child | child who does not receive proper care from parents
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| abused child | child who is physically, emotionally, or sexually abused
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| status offender | a child who violates laws specifically written for children
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| consent decree | plea bargain
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| diversion | a decision to keep juveniles out of courtroom by assigning them to a community-based program, drug and alcohol treatment, mental health treatment, informal probation
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| intake | booking
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| detention hearing | preliminary hearing; must be within three days
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| adjudication | must happen in ten days if child is kept in detention. found delinquent or not
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| adjudicated delinquent | guilty
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| disposition hearing | judge decides if child will continue to be delinquent or not. if kept in detention, the longest amount of time before disposition is 20 days (equivalent to sentencing)
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| What is the maximum number of days a juvenile can be held? | 33 days
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| aftercare | parole
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| judicial waivers | judge decides whether child goes to adult court or juvenile court
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| direct files | district attorney goes to juvenile court judge saying child should go to adult court
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| automatic waivers | child automatically goes to adult court (must be 15+ and have committed a crime with a weapon
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| reverse transfers | adult court judge sends child back to juvenile court
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| consequences of juvenile waivers | harsher punishment, greater risk of victimization in adult prison, often placed in solitary for safety, does not have a deterrent ffect
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Created by:
nbeck119