Research 3
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| Qualitative Research | Is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data
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| Aim of Qualitative Research | Is to interpret meaning from the collective data in order to understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places
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| Interpretative Approach | Gain an insider's perspective
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| Transcription | Involves the process of converting audio and video into written text. This allows researchers to work with data in a manageable format and analyze effectively
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| Coding | Process of categorizing data by assigning labels to segments of text that are relevant to the research question. Can be based on themes, concepts, and trends.
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| Analysis | Process of examining coded data to identify patterns, themes, and trends. Can involve summarizing data, comparing and contrasting different codes, and exploring relationships.
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| Method | Is a research tool
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| Methodology | Justification for using a specific research method. It refers to the strategy used.
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| Open-ended Question Survey | Allows respondents to freely express their thoughts and feelings in their own words.
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| In-depth Interviews | Predetermined list of questions or topics for discussion. Evolving of conversation is allowed
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| Oral History | Involves a series of in-depth interviews conducted with one or multiple participants over an extended period of time.
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| Focus Group | Researcher engages a small group of participants (5-15) in a conversation designed to generate data relevant to research question.
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| Observation Study | Unobtrusive measures, which do not disturb or affect the social environment, are employed so participants are unlikely to react, as they are not aware that they are being studied.
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| Content Analysis | Research tool for identifying words, themes, or concepts in a qualitative data like text, enabling researchers to quantify and analyze meanings and relationships
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| Reliability | Refers to the consistency of the results obtained
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| Validity | Refers to whether a test accurately measures what it's supposed to measure
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| Structured Interview | Use of standardized questionnaires, allowing participants to seek clarification on unclear questions, which isn't possible with surveys
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| Semi-Structured Interview | The list of topics and key questions to be covered are flexible, with some questions repeated, others excluded. Providing guidance but not a structured format.
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| In-Depth Interview | Investigating general area of interest. No predetermined list of questions and guidance. You have to have a clear idea about the aspect you want to explore.
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| Narrative Interview | Researcher allows participants time to describe and develop a story, little involvement from the researcher
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| Focus Group Interview | Naturally semi-structured, this approach involves predetermined questions to guide the conversation, yet new questions arise organically
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| Methodologies | Systematic methods used in research to gather, analyze, and interpret data for achieving specific objectives.
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| Ethnography | Is a research method where researchers immerse themselves in a particular culture or social group to observe and understand their behaviors, beliefs, and practices
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| Narrative Methodology | Is a qualitative approach that focuses on understanding individual's experiences and stories to gain insight into their perspectives and meanings they assign.
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| Case Study Methodology | Involves the study of an issue explored through one or more cases within a bounded system
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| 3 Variations of Case Studies | - Single Instrument
- Multiple Instrument
- Intrinsic Instrument
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| Single Instrument | Researcher focuses on an issue or concern and then selects one bounded case to illustrate the issue
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| Multiple Instrument | One issue or concern is selected but the researcher selects multiple case studies to illustrate the issue to show different perspectives
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| Intrinsic Instrument | Focus is on the case itself because the case presents an unusual or unique situation
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| Phenomenology | Is a research method that explores individual's lived experiences and perceptions of a phenomenon to understand its essence
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| Action Research | Is a methodology where researchers work together to solve real-world issues through a cycle of planning, action, observation, and reflection
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| Discourse Analysis | Is a research method that studies how language is used to create meaning and shape social interactions.
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| Ethnomethodology | Is a sociological approach that studies how people make sense of and navigate everyday social interactions to maintain social order.
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| Grounded Theory | Is a research method focused on developing theories directly from collected data, rather than from pre-existing ideas
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| Data Reduction | Involves organizing and condensing collected data, often through coding.
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| Codes Should Be; | 1. Valid
2. Distinct
3. Exhaustive
4. Insightful
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| Data Display | Using charts, networks, and graphics to understand data better
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| Conclusion / Verification | Drawing conclusions from the data analysis and verifying them using the collected data.
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| Ontological Authenticity | Participants are educated about understanding the social world investigated.
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| Educative Authenticity | Allows participants to develop greater understanding of others within the social world.
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| Catalytic Authenticity | The research enhances decision-making by participants
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| Tactical Authenticity | The research empowers the participants
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| Negative of In-Depth Interview... | Much of the data will lack focus
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| Negative of Focus Group Interview... | Obtaining accurate data is challenging due to variations in participants' personalities and approaches.
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| What is Ethnography characterized by? | - Human Behaviour
- Particular group or subculture
- Relationship between individuals and their social context
- Researcher in a role of insider
- Extended period of time
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| Differences between Ethnography and Narrative? | Ethnography places stories within culture. Narrative focuses on the individual story.
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| Differences between Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology? | Phenomenology describes the structure of experiences, while ethnomethodology explores how people use their practical knowledge in everyday situations before those experiences take shape.
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| What key characteristics does Grounded Theory have? | - No narrow research question
- Formal literature is delayed
- Literature is used as secondary data
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| Analysis of Data Process: | 1. Data Reduction
2. Data Display
3. Conclusion/Verification
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