A&P 2
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| 1. Blood vessels called ____ carry blood toward the heart, and ____ carry blood away from the heart. Pg 570 | Veins; arteries
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| 2. Why is the cardiovascular system vital to survival? Pg 597 | It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells.
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| 3. What is a function of the pulmonary circuit? Pg 570 | It carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
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| 4. What is a function of the systemic circuit? Pg 570 | supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart
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| 5. During ventricular contraction, what is the status of the atrioventricular valves? Pg 577 | The mitral and tricuspid valves both are closed
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| 6. Name the tough outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart. Pg 572 | pericardium
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| 7. What forms the skeleton of the heart? Pg 575 | Fibrous connective tissue around the valves
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| 8. What layer lines the chambers of the heart? Pg 573 | endocardium
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| 9. Name the layers of the wall of the heart and surrounding structures from deep to superficial. Pg 574 | Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium
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| 10. Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structure(s)? Pg 578 | superior and inferior vena cava
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| 11. What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide? Pg 601 | Reduce blood volume and pressure
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| 12. The pain of angina pectoris results from a blockage in an artery that supplies what structure/area? Pg 579 | heart
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| 13. What chambers of the heart will contain oxygen-poor blood? Pg 574 | right atrium and right ventricle
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| 14. Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle? Pg 576 | bicuspid (mitral) valve
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| ???? 15. Which ECG wave is correctly described? Pg 586 | P wave-depolarization of atria
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| 16. What is the correct sequence of components of the cardiac conduction system? Pg 573 | SA node ➡️ AV node ➡️ bundle of his ➡️ bundle branches ➡️ purkinje fibers
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| 17. What is the normal pacemaker of the heart? Pg 976 | sinoatrial (SA) node
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| 18. What causes the P wave on an ECG? Pg 586 | atrial depolarization
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| 19. What causes the T wave on an ECG? Pg 587 | ventricular repolarization
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| 20. What term refers to an abnormally slow heart rate? Pg 592 | bradycardia
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| 21. The ventricular walls and the atrial walls each form a functional syncytium. What does this term mean? Pg 582 | A mass of cells functioning as a unit
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| 22. How does potassium affect heart rate? Pg 590 | It affects the electrical potential of the cell membranes.
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| 23. What is released by the endothelium? Pg 592 | nitric oxide
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| 24. What is the effect of nitric oxide in blood vessels? Pg 592 | causes vasodilation
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| 25. In capillary beds, the net inward pressure at the venular ends of the capillaries is less than the net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of the capillaries. What is the result of this difference in pressures? Pg 598 | more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns
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| 26. What blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood? Pg 602 | Veins
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| 27. Why does fluid leave capillaries at their arteriolar end and enter at the venular end? Pg 598 | Hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end and lower at the venular end.
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| 28. What is described by the Frank-Starling law of the heart? Pg 604 | the quantity of blood that enters the heart equals the quantity that is pumped out
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| 29. Which of the following is increased when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases? Pg 604 | increased stroke volume and heart rate
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| 30. What is preload? Pg 603 | volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
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| 31. What is the effect of vasoconstriction? Pg 595 | it decreases blood flow and increases blood pressure
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| 32. Plasma proteins contribute to the __________________ pressure of the blood. Pg 598 | osmotic
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| 33. When is blood pressure in the large systemic arteries the greatest? Pg 589 | during ventricular systole
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| 34. What vessels helps return blood to the heart? Pg 570 | Veins (both superficial and deep veins)
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| 35. How is stroke volume calculated? Pg 603 | end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
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| 36. How is pulse pressure calculated? Pg 603 | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
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| 37. How does angiotensin II cause an increase in blood pressure? Pg 605 | By increasing vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance
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| 38. What structures contain chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide? Pg 608 | aortic bodies
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| 39. The longest vein in the body is the __________? Pg 621 | great saphenous vein
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| 40. What is an example of a change due to aging of the cardiovascular system? Pg 624 | The tunica interna of arteries thickens, decreasing arterial diamenter
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| 41. What is the function of the papillary muscles of the heart? Pg 577 | To prevent atrioventricular valves from prolapsing
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| 42. During the cardiac cycle, at the time of highest ventricular pressure, what is the status of the heart valves? Pg 588 | Atrioventricular valves are closed; semilunar valves are open
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| 43. What causes the first heart sound? When does this occur? Pg 587 | Closure of the atrioventricular valves soon after the beginning of ventricular systole
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| 44. What occurs in arteries that results in the disease called atherosclerosis? Pg 602 | Plaques containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls
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| 45. What type of capillary is "leakiest"? Pg 596 | sinusoidal capillaries
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| 46. The ___________________ of the medulla oblongata send(s) sympathetic signals to arteriolar smooth muscle, helping to maintain peripheral resistance. Pg 605 | vasomotor center
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| 47. Where would oxygen-poor blood be found? Pg 608 | pulmonary arteries and systemic veins
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| 48. What happens that allows the SA nodal cells to spontaneously depolarize? Pg 583 | Progressive increase in membrane permeability to calcium and sodium ions; decreasing permeability to potassium ions
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| 49. How does the hepatic portal system differ from other parts of the circulation? Pg 620 | Blood flows from capillaries to another set of capillaries before returning to the heart
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