Lec3 - Bones
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| show | bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
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| show | body support, organ protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, body movement
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| The principal minerals stored in the bones | show 🗑
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| 3 bone cells | show 🗑
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| show | Lacunae
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| TRUE OR FALSE. In bones, lacunae encase osteocytes; in cartilage, lacunae enclose chondrocytes. | show 🗑
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| The _______________ is a double-layered outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts that most cartilage is covered by a protective connective tissue sheath. | show 🗑
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| ______________ cartilage, which is hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves. | show 🗑
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| In ______________ growth, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. | show 🗑
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| In _____________ growth, chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in between the existing cells. | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial growth
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| bone growth that enhances the width of the bone | show 🗑
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| This occurs when new cartilage is added to the surface of the cartilage by chondroblasts from the inner layer of the perichondrium. | show 🗑
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| This occurs when new cartilage is formed within the cartilage by chondrocytes that divide and produce additional matrix. | show 🗑
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| By weight, mature bone matrix is normally about ____% organic and ____% inorganic material. | show 🗑
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| show | collagen and proteoglycans
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| show | hydroxyapatite
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| show | FALSE. If mineral in a long bone is reduced, collagen becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is overly flexible.
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| TRUE OR FALSE. If the amount of collagen is reduced in the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is very flexible. | show 🗑
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| show | osteoblasts
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| show | hydroxyapatite crystals
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| show | ossification or osteogenesis
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| show | Ossification
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| show | periosteum
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| Once the osteoblasts have secreted sufficient bone matrix, they become what type of bone cells. | show 🗑
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| Bones have a lifespan of how many years? | show 🗑
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| show | 90-95
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| show | canaliculi
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| Breakdown of bone that are done by bone destroying cell (osteoclasts) is called _____________. | show 🗑
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| _____________ is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression. | show 🗑
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| Matrix ground substance contains _______________ which are water trapping proteins that help cartilage to be smooth and resilient. | show 🗑
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| It is a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in brittle bones, results in either too little collagen formation, or poor-quality collagen. | show 🗑
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| show | osteocytes
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| These are functional units of compact bone. | show 🗑
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| The osteoclast plasma membrane then further differentiates into a highly folded form called the ___________ _________. | show 🗑
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| show | ruffled border
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| show | Ca2+
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| Osteoclasts Multistep Process | show 🗑
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Osteoblasts are derived from osteochondral progenitor cells, and osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts. | show 🗑
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| Osteoclasts are derived from ______ ______ in red bone marrow. | show 🗑
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| two types of bone formed during ossification | show 🗑
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| show | Woven bone
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| process of removing old bone and adding new bone | show 🗑
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| mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers approximately 3–7 micrometers (μm) thick called lamellae | show 🗑
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Compact bone has less bone matrix and more space than spongy bone, which has more bone matrix and less space. | show 🗑
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| show | trabeculae
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| thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone, which is located at the ends of long bones and in the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae. | show 🗑
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| show | lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae and osteocytes
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| other name of compact bone and spongy bone | show 🗑
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| osteon is also called the ______________ ___________ | show 🗑
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| ______________ are concentric rings of bone matrix which surround the central canal. | show 🗑
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| show | lacunae
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| Small tunnels called ___________ radiate between lacunae across the lamellae. | show 🗑
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| Surrounding the central canal are rings of bone matrix called ? | show 🗑
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| If the osteocytes are found in lacunae in compact bone, where does osteocytes reside in spongy bone? | show 🗑
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| show | Compact bone
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| ____________________ lamellae form the outer surfaces of compact bone, which are thin plates that extend around the bone. | show 🗑
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| Between the osteons are ______________ lamellae, which are remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling. | show 🗑
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| show | Perforating canals
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| The _____________ is the center portion of the bone which is composed of compact bone surrounding a hollow center called the ____________ _________. | show 🗑
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| The ends of a long bone are called ____________.They contain mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone. | show 🗑
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| show | red marrow
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| show | yellow bone marrow
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Long bones are longer than they are wide. | show 🗑
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Short bones are wider than they are long. | show 🗑
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| show | Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges).
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| Give examples of short bones. | show 🗑
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| These are bone shapes that are thin, flattened shape and are usually curved. | show 🗑
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| Give examples of flat bones. | show 🗑
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| show | Irregular bones
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| Give examples of irregular bones. | show 🗑
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| The _________________ ________ is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Growth in bone length occurs at the _______________ ________. | show 🗑
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| When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ________________ ______. | show 🗑
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| Cavities in spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis are filled with soft tissue called __________. | show 🗑
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| _____ marrow is the location of blood forming cells. | show 🗑
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| _________ marrow is mostly fat/ adipose tissue. | show 🗑
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| TRUE OR FALSE. In adults, most red bone marrow is in the irregular bones. | show 🗑
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| What color of bone marrow is present in the medullary cavity of juveniles? | show 🗑
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| show | periosteum
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| What does the outer layer of periosteum contain? | show 🗑
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| show | a single layer of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.
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| a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones | show 🗑
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| show | The endosteum includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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| Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called _________________ ______________. | show 🗑
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| Shaft of the bone | show 🗑
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| End of the bone; develops from its own center of ossification | show 🗑
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| Outer, double-layered connective tissue membrane with ligaments and tendons attached to bone through the this; blood vessels and nerve pathways; this is where bone grows in diameter | show 🗑
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| Thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone | show 🗑
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| Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone | show 🗑
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| Hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis; its growth allows for growth in bone length | show 🗑
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| Bone having many small spaces; found mainly in the epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae | show 🗑
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| show | compact bone
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| Large cavity within the diaphysis | show 🗑
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| Connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production | show 🗑
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| Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone | show 🗑
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| show | diaphysis
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| show | epiphyseal plate or growth plate
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| show | FALSE. In the fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with red marrow.
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| show | TRUE
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| show | flat bones
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| show | Short and irregular bones are not elongated and have no diaphyses.
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| show | intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
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| show | embryonic
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| Endochondral ossification starts with a _____________ model. | show 🗑
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| (BONE FORMATION) Begins 8th week of embryonic development and is completed by approximately 2 yrs of age | show 🗑
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| show | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae. | show 🗑
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| (BONE FORMATION) The process begins in areas called ossification centers and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers. | show 🗑
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| show | Intramembranous Ossification
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| show | Intramembranous Ossification
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| show | ossification centers
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| show | osteoblast formation > spongy bone formation > compact bone formation
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| end products of intramembranous bone formation | show 🗑
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| show | fontanels
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| the future site of the BREGMA- it will close by 18 months old. (7-19 months) | show 🗑
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| show | posterior fontanelle
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| show | sphenoidal fontanelle
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| Fontanelle closes from 6-18 months after birth | show 🗑
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| show | BREGMA
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| show | LAMBDA
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| frontal + temporal + parietal + greater wing of sphenoid | show 🗑
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| parietomastoid + occipitomastoid + lambdoid | show 🗑
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| show | NASION
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| show | Endochondral Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Endochondral bone formation starts at 8th week of embryonic development but might not begin in other cartilage until as late as 18-20 yrs of age | show 🗑
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| show | Endochondral Ossification
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| show | Endochondral Ossification
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| What replaces the cartilage model in endochondral ossification? | show 🗑
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| show | Endochondral Ossification
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| show | Cartilage model formation
Bone collar formation
Primary ossification center formation
Secondary ossification center formation
Adult bone
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| This type of bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification. | show 🗑
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| Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the ___________________ ___________. | show 🗑
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| (BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH) _________________ increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. | show 🗑
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| (BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH) The osteoblasts start forming bone by depositing bone ______________ on the surface of the calcified cartilage. | show 🗑
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| bone cell - removal of existing bone | show 🗑
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| bone cell - deposition of new bone | show 🗑
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| show | Yes.
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| steps of bone repair | show 🗑
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| Calcium is a critical nutrient involved in many physiological processes including: | show 🗑
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| show | bones
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| show | into
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| show | out
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| Calcium homeostasis is maintained by _____________ hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. | show 🗑
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| show | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Increases formation and activation of osteoclasts, the principal bone-reabsorbing cells | show 🗑
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| show | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Indirectly increases Ca2+ uptake from the small intestine through the activation of calcitriol. | show 🗑
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| Secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when blood Ca2+ levels are too high | show 🗑
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| show | Calcitonin
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| Bones are segregated into the ...... | show 🗑
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| show | 206
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| The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the ...... | show 🗑
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| show | girdle
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| show | upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles.
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| show | pectoral girdle & pelvic girdle
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| show | body
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Enlarged, often rounded end | show 🗑
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| show | neck
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Edge | show 🗑
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| show | angle
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| show | ramus
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Smooth, rounded articular surface | show 🗑
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| show | facet
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| show | line, linea
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| show | crest, crista
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Very high ridge | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Prominent projection | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Small, rounded projection | show 🗑
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| show | tuberosity; tuber
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| show | trochanter
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| show | epicondyle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Flat, tongue-shaped process | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Hook-shaped process | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Horn-shaped process | show 🗑
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| show | foramen
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Tunnel | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Cleft | show 🗑
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| show | sinus, labrynth
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) General term for a depression | show 🗑
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Depression in the margin of a bone | show 🗑
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| show | fovea
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Deep, narrow depression | show 🗑
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| show | sutures
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| show | • coronal (frontal + parietal)
• sagittal (2 parietal bones)
• lambdoid (occipital + parietal)
• squamous (parietal + temporal)
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| Anterior part of cranium, the ‘forehead” | show 🗑
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| Sides and roof of cranium | show 🗑
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| show | Occipital bone
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| Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium; where temporomandibular joint is attached | show 🗑
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| Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones; where sella turcica is found | show 🗑
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| Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity; nasal conchae | show 🗑
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| Give the cranial bones. | show 🗑
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| show | Maxillae
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| Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity | show 🗑
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| Cheek bones; also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit | show 🗑
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| Medial surfaces of eye orbits | show 🗑
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| Form bridge of nose | show 🗑
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| In midline of nasal cavity; forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone | show 🗑
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| show | Inferior nasal conchae
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| Lower jawbone; only movable skull bone | show 🗑
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| show | • Maxillary
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Frontal
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| show | (PRESENT AT BIRTH) Maxillary & Ethmoid
(NOT PRESENT AT BIRTH)) Sphenoid & Frontal
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| First radiological evidence of the paranasal sinuses? | show 🗑
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| show | Maxillary (15 years)
Ethmoid (12 years)
Sphenoid (15 years-adult age)
Frontal (size increases until teens)
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| A bone that is unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones. | show 🗑
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| show | Hyoid bone
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| show | Hyoid bone
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| It is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis. | show 🗑
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| show | babies (33); adults (26)
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| show | cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal
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| show | thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal
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| A vertebral region that curves anteriorly. | show 🗑
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| show | Atlas
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| 2nd vertebra; rotates head | show 🗑
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| show | • Supports body weight
• Protects the spinal cord
• Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
• Provides a site for muscle attachment
• Provides movement of the head and trunk
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| show | Thoracic cage
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| show | sternum (manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)
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| show | True ribs (1-7)
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| Ribs that attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage. | show 🗑
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| show | Floating ribs (11-12)
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| show | Scapula
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| Also called collar bone | show 🗑
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| show | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform
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| Distal row carpal bones | show 🗑
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| show | Pelvic girdle
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| includes pelvic girdle and coccyx | show 🗑
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| show | Ischium
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| most superior region of hip bone | show 🗑
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| hip socket (joint) of hip bone | show 🗑
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| show | Femur
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| show | Patella
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| show | Tibia
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| Smaller bone lower leg | show 🗑
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| show | Tarsals
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| Foot | show 🗑
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| show | Phalanges
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| where two bones come together | show 🗑
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| (Structural Classification of Joints) united by fibrous connective tissue; subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses | show 🗑
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| (Structural Classification of Joints) united by means of cartilage; subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis | show 🗑
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| show | Synovial joint
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| show | Synarthrosis
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| (Functional Classification of Joints) slightly movable joint; example - between vertebrae | show 🗑
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| show | Diarthrosis
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| show | synchondrosis
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| show | symphysis
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| show | syndesmosis
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| show | Plane, Ginglymus, Trochoid, Ellipsoid, Sellar, Spheroidal, Bicondylar
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| Subclasses of Cartilaginous joints | show 🗑
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| Subclasses of Fibrous joints | show 🗑
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| show | atlanto-occipital joint
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| show | joint cavity; joint capsule
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| The ________ ___________ helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. | show 🗑
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| show | an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.
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| The ________ ____________ is the outer layer of the joint capsule. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint. | show 🗑
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| The _____________ _______________ is the inner layer of the joint capsule. It lines the joint cavity, produces synovial fluid, a viscous lubricating liquid. | show 🗑
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| show | Extension
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| (Types of Movement) movement away from midline | show 🗑
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| (Types of Movement) bending of a joint | show 🗑
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| show | Adduction
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| show | Pronation
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| show | Supination
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| show | Rotation
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| Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints | show 🗑
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| show | Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, DIarthrosis
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| show | Connective tissues
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| show | ECM (extracellular matrix)
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| The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of ____________ _________, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables. | show 🗑
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| show | mineral
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| Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of bone and the _________ and _______________ of bone. | show 🗑
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| show | collagen and proteoglycans
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