Lec3 - Bones
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| The skeletal system has four components | bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
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| 5 functions of skeletal system | body support, organ protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, body movement
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| The principal minerals stored in the bones | calcium and phosphorus
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| 3 bone cells | osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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| ____________ are spaces in which bone cells are present. The main purpose of this in bone or cartilage is to provide a home for the cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional. | Lacunae
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| TRUE OR FALSE. In bones, lacunae encase osteocytes; in cartilage, lacunae enclose chondrocytes. | TRUE
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| The _______________ is a double-layered outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts that most cartilage is covered by a protective connective tissue sheath. | perichondrium
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| ______________ cartilage, which is hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves. | Articular
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| In ______________ growth, chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. | appositional
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| In _____________ growth, chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in between the existing cells. | interstitial
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| bone growth that enhances the length of the bone | interstitial growth
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| bone growth that enhances the width of the bone | appositional growth
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| This occurs when new cartilage is added to the surface of the cartilage by chondroblasts from the inner layer of the perichondrium. | appositional growth
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| This occurs when new cartilage is formed within the cartilage by chondrocytes that divide and produce additional matrix. | interstitial growth
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| By weight, mature bone matrix is normally about ____% organic and ____% inorganic material. | 35%: 65%
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| The organic material in the bone matrix consists primarily of ____________ and _________________. | collagen and proteoglycans
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| The inorganic material in the bone matrix consists primarily of a calcium phosphate crystal called ________________, which has the molecular formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. | hydroxyapatite
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| TRUE OR FALSE. If mineral in a long bone is reduced, collagen becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is overly brittle. | FALSE. If mineral in a long bone is reduced, collagen becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is overly flexible.
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| TRUE OR FALSE. If the amount of collagen is reduced in the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is very flexible. | FALSE. If the amount of collagen is reduced in the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent, and the bone is very brittle.
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| bone-building cells that have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes; they also produce collagen and proteoglycans | osteoblasts
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| The _______________ __________ act as templates that stimulate further hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix. | hydroxyapatite crystals
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| The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called _______________, or _______________. | ossification or osteogenesis
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| _________________ occurs by appositional growth on the surface of previously existing material, either bone or cartilage. | Ossification
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| a thin layer of membranous connective tissue that covers all bones in the body | periosteum
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| Once the osteoblasts have secreted sufficient bone matrix, they become what type of bone cells. | Osteocytes
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| Bones have a lifespan of how many years? | 25 years
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| Osteocytes account for ________% of bone cells and are very long-lived, with a lifespan of up to 25 years. | 90-95
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| Osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called ____________. | canaliculi
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| Breakdown of bone that are done by bone destroying cell (osteoclasts) is called _____________. | bone reabsorption
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| _____________ is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression. | Collagen
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| Matrix ground substance contains _______________ which are water trapping proteins that help cartilage to be smooth and resilient. | proteoglycans
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| It is a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in brittle bones, results in either too little collagen formation, or poor-quality collagen. | Osteogenesis imperfecta
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| cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it | osteocytes
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| These are functional units of compact bone. | Osteons
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| The osteoclast plasma membrane then further differentiates into a highly folded form called the ___________ _________. | ruffled border
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| a specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane | ruffled border
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| As bone is broken down, the _____ goes into the blood. | Ca2+
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| Osteoclasts Multistep Process | • Access Bone Matrix
• Sealed Compartment Under
• Ruffled Border Reabsorption
• Acidic Environment
breakdown the matrix
• Organic protein digestion
• Products secreted into the
bloodstream
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Osteoblasts are derived from osteochondral progenitor cells, and osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts. | TRUE
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| Osteoclasts are derived from ______ ______ in red bone marrow. | stem cells
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| two types of bone formed during ossification | woven bone and lamellar bone
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| ________ ______ is the first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification. It is fairly weak bone because the collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many directions. After this bone formation, osteoclasts break down the _______ _______ and osteoblasts build the stronger, more permanent lamellar bone. | Woven bone
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| process of removing old bone and adding new bone | bone remodeling
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| mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers approximately 3–7 micrometers (μm) thick called lamellae | lamellar bone
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Compact bone has less bone matrix and more space than spongy bone, which has more bone matrix and less space. | FALSE. Spongy bone has less bone matrix and more space than
compact bone, which has more bone matrix and less
space.
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| Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called _____________. | trabeculae
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| thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone, which is located at the ends of long bones and in the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae. | trabeculae
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| What does trabeculae contain in spongy bone? | lamellae, canaliculi, lacunae and osteocytes
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| other name of compact bone and spongy bone | cortical bone (compact bone)
trabecular bone/cancellous bone (spongy bone)
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| osteon is also called the ______________ ___________ | haversian system
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| ______________ are concentric rings of bone matrix which surround the central canal. | Lamellae
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| Osteocytes are located in spaces called ___________ between the lamellar rings. | lacunae
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| Small tunnels called ___________ radiate between lacunae across the lamellae. | canaliculi
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| Surrounding the central canal are rings of bone matrix called ? | concentric lamellae
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| If the osteocytes are found in lacunae in compact bone, where does osteocytes reside in spongy bone? | Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae (singular = trabecula)
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| This bone has more matrix, denser, less space, blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself, and the lamellae of compact bone of compact bone are primarily oriented around those blood vessels. | Compact bone
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| ____________________ lamellae form the outer surfaces of compact bone, which are thin plates that extend around the bone. | Circumferential lamellae
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| Between the osteons are ______________ lamellae, which are remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling. | interstitial
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| ______________ _________ (Volkmann canals) deliver blood to the central canals of the osteons. The canals run perpendicular to the length of the bone. They contain blood vessels from the periosteum or medullary cavity. | Perforating canals
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| The _____________ is the center portion of the bone which is composed of compact bone surrounding a hollow center called the ____________ _________. | diaphysis: medullary cavity
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| The ends of a long bone are called ____________.They contain mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone. | epiphyses
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| Spongy bone is found mostly at the ends of bones and contains __________ ____________. | red marrow
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| This type of bone marrow can be found in the medullary cavity in the shaft of long bones and is often surrounded by a layer of red bone marrow. | yellow bone marrow
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Long bones are longer than they are wide. | TRUE
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Short bones are wider than they are long. | FALSE. They are round or nearly cubed-shaped.
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| Give examples of long bones. | Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges).
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| Give examples of short bones. | The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform) are examples of short bones.
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| These are bone shapes that are thin, flattened shape and are usually curved. | Flat bones
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| Give examples of flat bones. | cranium (skull), the ilium, ischium, and pubis (pelvis), sternum and the rib cage; the flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.
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| Bone shape that vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category (flat, short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. | Irregular bones
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| Give examples of irregular bones. | the vertebræ, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
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| The _________________ ________ is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Growth in bone length occurs at the _______________ ________. | epiphyseal plate
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| When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ________________ ______. | epiphyseal line
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| Cavities in spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis are filled with soft tissue called __________. | marrow
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| _____ marrow is the location of blood forming cells. | Red
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| _________ marrow is mostly fat/ adipose tissue. | Yellow
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| TRUE OR FALSE. In adults, most red bone marrow is in the irregular bones. | FALSE. In adults, most red bone marrow is in the flat bones.
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| What color of bone marrow is present in the medullary cavity of juveniles? | red marrow (yellow marrow for adults)
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| The outer surface of a bone is covered by a connective tissue membrane called _______________. | periosteum
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| What does the outer layer of periosteum contain? | blood vessels and nerves
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| What does the inner layer of periosteum contain? | a single layer of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.
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| a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones | endosteum
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| What bone cells does endosteum contain? | The endosteum includes osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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| Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called _________________ ______________. | articular cartilage
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| Shaft of the bone | diaphysis
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| End of the bone; develops from its own center of ossification | epiphysis
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| Outer, double-layered connective tissue membrane with ligaments and tendons attached to bone through the this; blood vessels and nerve pathways; this is where bone grows in diameter | periosteum
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| Thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone | endosteum
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| Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone | articular cartilage
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| Hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis; its growth allows for growth in bone length | epiphyseal plate
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| Bone having many small spaces; found mainly in the epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae | spongy bone
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| Dense bone with few internal spaces organized into osteons; forms the diaphysis and covers the spongy bone of the epiphyses | compact bone
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| Large cavity within the diaphysis | medullary cavity
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| Connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production | red marrow
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| Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone | yellow marrow
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| The primary ossification center is in what part of a long bone? | diaphysis
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| (LONG BONE PART) Growth in bone length occurs at the between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate or growth plate
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| TRUE OR FALSE. In adults, the spaces within bones are filled with red marrow | FALSE. In the fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with red marrow.
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| TRUE OR FALSE. Yellow marrow completely replaces the red marrow in the long bones of the limbs, except for some red marrow in the proximal part of the arm bones and thigh bones. | TRUE
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| (BONE SHAPE) Outer layers of compact bone surround spongy bone | flat bones
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| Do irregular and short bones are elongated and have diaphyses? | Short and irregular bones are not elongated and have no diaphyses.
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| 2 processes of bone formation | intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
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| Intramembranous ossification starts within _____________ connective tissue membranes. | embryonic
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| Endochondral ossification starts with a _____________ model. | cartilage
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| (BONE FORMATION) Begins 8th week of embryonic development and is completed by approximately 2 yrs of age | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull (cranium), lower jaw, clavicles | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) The process begins in areas called ossification centers and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Usually, two or more ossification centers exist in each flat skull bone and mature skull bones result from fusion of these centers as they enlarge. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) The trabeculae are constantly remodeled and they may enlarge or be replaced by compact bone. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| The locations in the membrane where ossification begins are called _______________ ___________. | ossification centers
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| The steps in intramembranous ossification | osteoblast formation > spongy bone formation > compact bone formation
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| end products of intramembranous bone formation | outer compact bone surfaces and spongy centers
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| soft spots, are the larger, membrane covered spaces between the developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified | fontanels
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| the future site of the BREGMA- it will close by 18 months old. (7-19 months) | anterior fontanelle
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| the future site of the LAMBDA – it will begin to close during the first few months after birth. (1-3months) | posterior fontanelle
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| Fontanelle closes around 6 months after birth | sphenoidal fontanelle
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| Fontanelle closes from 6-18 months after birth | mastoid fontanelle
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| coronal + sagittal suture | BREGMA
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| lambdoid + sagittal suture | LAMBDA
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| frontal + temporal + parietal + greater wing of sphenoid | PTERION
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| parietomastoid + occipitomastoid + lambdoid | ASTERION
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| meeting point of frontal and nasal bones | NASION
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| (BONE FORMATION) Cartilage formation Begins at the end of 4th week of embryonic development | Endochondral Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Endochondral bone formation starts at 8th week of embryonic development but might not begin in other cartilage until as late as 18-20 yrs of age | Endochondral Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) This occurs primarily in the base of the skull, part of the mandible, epiphysis of clavicle, and the remaining skeletal system | Endochondral Ossification
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| (BONE FORMATION) Initially formed is a primary ossification center, which forms bone in the diaphysis of a long bone. | Endochondral Ossification
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| What replaces the cartilage model in endochondral ossification? | bone
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| (BONE FORMATION) A secondary ossification center forms bone in the epiphysis. | Endochondral Ossification
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| The steps in endochondral ossification | Cartilage model formation
Bone collar formation
Primary ossification center formation
Secondary ossification center formation
Adult bone
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| This type of bone growth occurs through endochondral ossification. | Bone growth in length
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| Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the ___________________ ___________. | epiphyseal plate
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| (BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH) _________________ increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. | Chondrocytes
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| (BONE GROWTH IN LENGTH) The osteoblasts start forming bone by depositing bone ______________ on the surface of the calcified cartilage. | lamellae
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| bone cell - removal of existing bone | osteoclasts
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| bone cell - deposition of new bone | osteoblasts
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| Does bone remodeling occur in all bones? | Yes.
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| steps of bone repair | hematoma formation
callus formation
callus ossification
bone remodeling
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| Calcium is a critical nutrient involved in many physiological processes including: | • Stimulation and regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle
contraction
• Exocytosis of cellular molecules, including those important
for neural signaling
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| major site of calcium | bones
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| Calcium moves _____ bone as osteoblasts build new bone. | into
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| Calcium moves ____ of bone as osteoclasts break down bone. | out
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| Calcium homeostasis is maintained by _____________ hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. | parathyroid
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| Secreted by the parathyroid gland | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Increases formation and activation of osteoclasts, the principal bone-reabsorbing cells | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ from urine in the kidney, reducing the amount of Ca2+ excreted in the urine. | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Indirectly increases Ca2+ uptake from the small intestine through the activation of calcitriol. | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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| Secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when blood Ca2+ levels are too high | Calcitonin
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| Rapidly lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity | Calcitonin
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| Bones are segregated into the ...... | axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
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| The average adult has _____ bones. | 206
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| The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the ...... | skull, the auditory ossicles, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.
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| The term ________, refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body. | girdle
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| The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the ....... | upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles.
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| 2 girdles in the axial skeleton | pectoral girdle & pelvic girdle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Main part | body
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Enlarged, often rounded end | head
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Constriction between head and body | neck
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Edge | margin/border
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Bend | angle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Branch off the body beyond the angle | ramus
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Smooth, rounded articular surface | condyle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Small, flattened articular surface | facet
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Low ridge | line, linea
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Prominent ridge | crest, crista
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Very high ridge | spine
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Prominent projection | process
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Small, rounded projection | tubercle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Rounded projection; larger than a tubercle | tuberosity; tuber
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Tuberosity on the proximal femur | trochanter
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Upon a condyle | epicondyle
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Flat, tongue-shaped process | lingula
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Hook-shaped process | hamulus
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Horn-shaped process | horn/ cornu
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Hole | foramen
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Tunnel | canal, meatus
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Cleft | fissure
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Cavity | sinus, labrynth
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) General term for a depression | fossa
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Depression in the margin of a bone | notch
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Little pit | fovea
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| (Anatomical Terms for Bone Features) Deep, narrow depression | groove, sulcus
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| immovable joints | sutures
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| four principal sutures | • coronal (frontal + parietal)
• sagittal (2 parietal bones)
• lambdoid (occipital + parietal)
• squamous (parietal + temporal)
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| Anterior part of cranium, the ‘forehead” | Frontal bone
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| Sides and roof of cranium | Parietal bone
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| Posterior portion and floor of cranium | Occipital bone
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| Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium; where temporomandibular joint is attached | Temporal bones
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| Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones; where sella turcica is found | Sphenoid bone
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| Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity; nasal conchae | Ethmoid bone
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| Give the cranial bones. | frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
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| Forms the upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits; maxillary sinus | Maxillae
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| Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity | Palatine bones
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| Cheek bones; also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit | Zygomatic bones
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| Medial surfaces of eye orbits | Lacrimal bones
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| Form bridge of nose | Nasal bones
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| In midline of nasal cavity; forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone | Vomer
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| Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity | Inferior nasal conchae
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| Lower jawbone; only movable skull bone | Mandible
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| The paranasal sinuses are: | • Maxillary
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Frontal
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| Paranasal sinuses that are present at birth and are not? | (PRESENT AT BIRTH) Maxillary & Ethmoid
(NOT PRESENT AT BIRTH)) Sphenoid & Frontal
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| First radiological evidence of the paranasal sinuses? | Maxillary (4-5 months at birth)
Ethmoid (1 year)
Sphenoid (4 years)
Frontal (6 years)
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| When does the maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal sinuses reach adult size? | Maxillary (15 years)
Ethmoid (12 years)
Sphenoid (15 years-adult age)
Frontal (size increases until teens)
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| A bone that is unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones. | Hyoid bone
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| The only bone that has a unique distinction since it is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another. bone. | Hyoid bone
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| This bone provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, and it is an attachment point for important neck muscles that elevate the larynx. | Hyoid bone
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| It is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis. | Vertebral column or spine
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| How many vertebrae are present in babies and in adults? | babies (33); adults (26)
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| The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures: | cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal
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| A vertebral region that curves posteriorly. | thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal
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| A vertebral region that curves anteriorly. | cervical & lumbar
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| 1st vertebra; holds head | Atlas
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| 2nd vertebra; rotates head | Axis
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| Functions of Vertebral Column | • Supports body weight
• Protects the spinal cord
• Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
• Provides a site for muscle attachment
• Provides movement of the head and trunk
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| Bones that protects vital organs; 12 pair of ribs | Thoracic cage
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| Also called the breastbone | sternum (manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)
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| Ribs that are attach directly to sternum by cartilage. | True ribs (1-7)
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| Ribs that attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage. | False ribs (8-12)
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| Ribs that are not attached to sternum but to the thoracic vertebrae. | Floating ribs (11-12)
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| Also called shoulder blade | Scapula
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| Also called collar bone | Clavicle
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| Proximal row carpal bones | Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform
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| Distal row carpal bones | Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
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| Where lower limbs attach to the body | Pelvic girdle
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| includes pelvic girdle and coccyx | Pelvis
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| inferior and posterior region of hip bone | Ischium
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| most superior region of hip bone | Ilium
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| hip socket (joint) of hip bone | Acetabulum
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| Also called thigh | Femur
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| Also called knee cap | Patella
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| Larger bone of lower leg | Tibia
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| Smaller bone lower leg | Fibula
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| Ankle | Tarsals
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| Foot | Metatarsals
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| Toes and fingers | Phalanges
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| where two bones come together | Articulations (joints)
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| (Structural Classification of Joints) united by fibrous connective tissue; subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses | Fibrous joints
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| (Structural Classification of Joints) united by means of cartilage; subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis | Cartilaginous joints
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| (Structural Classification of Joints) joined by a fluid cavity; most joints of the appendicular skeleton | Synovial joint
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| (Functional Classification of Joints) non-movable joint; example – skull bone articulations | Synarthrosis
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| (Functional Classification of Joints) slightly movable joint; example - between vertebrae | Amphiarthrosis
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| (Functional Classification of Joints) freely movable joint; example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations | Diarthrosis
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| cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage | synchondrosis
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| cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage. | symphysis
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| fibrous joints that unites parallel bones | syndesmosis
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| Subclasses of Synovial joints (PLAY GUITAR TO ENJOY SAD SATURDAY BONDINGS) | Plane, Ginglymus, Trochoid, Ellipsoid, Sellar, Spheroidal, Bicondylar
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| Subclasses of Cartilaginous joints | Symphysis & Synchondrosis
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| Subclasses of Fibrous joints | Syndesmosis, Sutures, Gomphoses
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| The ___________________ ____________ (Capsula articularis atlantooccipitalis) is an articulation between the atlas bone and the occipital bone. It consists of a pair of condyloid joints. It is a synovial joint. | atlanto-occipital joint
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| The cavity is created by the ________ __________ and is full of synovial fluid filled _________ ___________. | joint cavity; joint capsule
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| The ________ ___________ helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. | joint capsule
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| The joint capsule consists of two layers: | an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.
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| The ________ ____________ is the outer layer of the joint capsule. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum that covers the bones united at the joint. | fibrous capsule
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| The _____________ _______________ is the inner layer of the joint capsule. It lines the joint cavity, produces synovial fluid, a viscous lubricating liquid. | synovial membrane
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| (Types of Movement) straightening of a joint | Extension
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| (Types of Movement) movement away from midline | Abduction
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| (Types of Movement) bending of a joint | Flexion
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| (Types of Movement) movement toward the midline | Adduction
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| (Types of Movement) rotation of the forearm with palms down | Pronation
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| (Types of Movement) rotation of the forearm with palms up | Supination
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| (Types of Movement) movement of a structure about the long axis | Rotation
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| Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints | 1. Decreased Collagen Production
2. Loss of Bone Density
3. Degenerative Changes
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| Functional Classification of Joints | Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, DIarthrosis
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| Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all what type of tissues? | Connective tissues
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| The characteristics of bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments are largely determined by the composition of their ______. | ECM (extracellular matrix)
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| The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of ____________ _________, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables. | collagen fibers
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| What component gives the bone compression (weight-bearing) strength? | mineral
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| Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation of bone and the _________ and _______________ of bone. | repair; remodeling
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| Osteoblasts produce what organic materials? | collagen and proteoglycans
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