Aglutination
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| Whereas precipitation reactions involve soluble antigens,___________ is the visible aggregation of particles caused by combination with specific antibody. | show 🗑
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| show | sensitization; aggregates
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| show | agglutinins
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| Types of particles participating in such reactions include erythrocytes, bacterial cells, and inert carriers such as _________particles | show 🗑
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| show | cross-linked ; bridges or lattices
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| show | stable lattice network
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| show | single; sensitization
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| The affinity and avidity (discussed in Chapter 8) of an individual antibody determine how much antibody remains _______. | show 🗑
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| IgM with a potential valence of 10 is over 700 times more _________ in agglutination than is IgG with a valence of 2. | show 🗑
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| The second stage of agglutination, representing the sum of interactions between antibody and multiple antigenic determinants on a particle, is dependent on_____ conditions and the relative __________ of antigen and antibody. | show 🗑
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| show | bridge the gap
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| show | lattice formation;ionic strength
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| The addition of albumin in concentrations of 5 to 30 percent also helps to _____ the surface charge and allows _______ to approach each other more closely. | show 🗑
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| show | viscosity; enzymes; centrifuging
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| show | direct, passive, reverse passive, agglutination inhibition, and coagglutination.
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| show | Direct
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| show | known; unknown antibodies
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| show | typhoid fever
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| show | Salmonella
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| If an agglutination reaction involves red blood cells, then it is called _______________.The best example of this occurs in _________ typing of human red blood cells. | show 🗑
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| show | strength
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| This type of hemagglutination reaction is simple to perform, is relatively _______, and is easy to read. | show 🗑
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| A titer that yields semiquantitative results can be performed in test tubes or microtiter plates by making __________ of the antibody. | show 🗑
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| show | titer
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| show | antigens
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| show | particles
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| The use of synthetic beads or particles provides the advantage of consistency, uniformity, and________. Reactions are easy to read visually and give_____ results. | show 🗑
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| show | Latex
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| A large number of antibody molecules can be bound to the surface of _______, so the number of antigen binding sites is large.In addition, the large particle size facilitates reading of the test. | show 🗑
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| In__________ agglutination, antibody rather than antigen is attached to a carrier particle.This type of testing is often used to detect __________. | show 🗑
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| show | monoclonal antibodies
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| show | difficult to grow
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| show | false positive
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| show | inhibition; lack of
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| show | carrier particle
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| The patient sample is first reacted with a limited amount of ________ that is specific for the hapten being tested. | show 🗑
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| Indicator particles that contain the same ________ one wishes to measure in the patient are then added. | show 🗑
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| If the patient sample has ____________ hapten, the reagent antibody is able to combine with the carrier particles and produce a ________ | show 🗑
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| show | negative
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| Hemagglutination inhibition reactions use the same principle, except red blood cells are the ___________. | show 🗑
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| show | viruses
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| __________ is the name given to systems using bacteria as the inert particles to which antibody is attached. | show 🗑
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| show | Staphylococcus aureus; protein A; FC portion;specific
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| show | greater stability ; more refractory
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| However, because bacteria are not ________, reactions are often difficult to read. | show 🗑
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| The antihuman globulin test, also known as the _________, is a technique that detects _______ by means of coupling with a second antibody.It remains one of the most widely used procedures in blood banking. | show 🗑
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| The key component of the test is antibody to ________ that is made in animals or by means of _________ techniques.Such antibody will react with the _______ of the human antibody attached to red blood cells. | show 🗑
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| show | bridge
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| The ___________ test is used to demonstrate in vivo attachment of antibody or complement to an individual’s red blood cells. | show 🗑
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| This test serves as an indicator of autoimmune ________, hemolytic disease of the newborn, sensitization of red blood cells caused by the presence of______, or a ________ reaction. | show 🗑
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| show | indirect antiglobulin; red blood cells
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| Washed red blood cells and antibody are allowed to combine at ____, and the cells are then carefully __________ again to remove any unbound antibody. | show 🗑
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| When _________ is added, a visible rxn occurs where antibody has been specifically bound.This test is most often used to check for the presence of clinically significant _____ in patient serum when performing compatibility testing for a blood transf. | show 🗑
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| show | carefully
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| Techniques must be ______ as to concentration of antigen, incubation time, temperature, diluent, and the method of reading. | show 🗑
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| The possibility of _______ and interfering antibody should always be considered. | show 🗑
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| show | antigenic determinants; closely
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| show | monoclonal antibody
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| show | Heterophile;rheumatoid
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| Heterophile antibodies (see Chapter 3) are most often a consideration when red blood cells are used as _______.Other considerations include proper storage of reagents and close attention to expiration dates. | show 🗑
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