Social Cognition
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| actor/observer bias | the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions
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| anchoring and adjustment | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point (called an anchor) and then making adjustments up or down.
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| attributions | the causal explanations people give for their own and others’ behaviors, and for events in general
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| availability heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
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| base rat fallacy | the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged
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| cognitive miser | a term used to describe people’s reluctance to do much extra thinking
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| confirmation bias | the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs
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| counterfactual thinking | imagining alternatives to past or present events or circumstances
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| counter-regulation | the “what the heck” effect that occurs when people indulge in a behavior they are trying to regulate after an initial regulation failure
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| debiasing | reducing errors and biases by getting people to use deliberate processing rather than automatic processing
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| downward counterfactuals | imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality
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| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one’s opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs
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| false uniqueness effect: | the tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share one’s most prized characteristics and abilities
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| first instinct fallacy | the false belief that it is better not to change one’s first answer on a test even if one starts to think that a different answer is correct
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| framing | how information is presented to others
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| fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) | the tendency for observers to attribute other people’s behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes
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| gain-framed appeal | focuses on how doing something will add to your health
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| gambler’s fallacy | the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will “even out” in the short run
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| heuristics | mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events
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| hot hand | the tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a “hot” hand and their luck will continue
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| illusion of control | the false belief that one can influence certain events, especially random or chance ones
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| illusory correlation: | the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all
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| knowledge structures | organized packets of information that are stored in memory
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| loss-framed appeal | focuses on how not doing something will subtract from your health
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| meta-cognition | reflecting on one’s own thought processes
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| one-shot illusory correlation | an illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behavior performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group
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| priming | activating an idea in someone’s mind so that related ideas are more accessible
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| regret | involves feeling sorry for one’s misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes
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| representativeness heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case
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| schemas | knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts
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| scripts | knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior
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| self-serving bias | the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure; or internal attributions for success, external attributions for failure
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| simulation heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) it
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| social cognition | a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships
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| statistical regression (regression to the mean) | the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average
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| Stroop effect | in the Stroop test, the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color
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| Stroop test | a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color)
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| theory perseverance | proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with that conclusion unless there is overwhelming evidence to change it
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| upward counterfactuals | imagining alternatives that are better than actuality
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Created by:
Itati2455