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actor/observer bias
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anchoring and adjustment
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Social Cognition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| actor/observer bias | the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions |
| anchoring and adjustment | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point (called an anchor) and then making adjustments up or down. |
| attributions | the causal explanations people give for their own and others’ behaviors, and for events in general |
| availability heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
| base rat fallacy | the tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged |
| cognitive miser | a term used to describe people’s reluctance to do much extra thinking |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs |
| counterfactual thinking | imagining alternatives to past or present events or circumstances |
| counter-regulation | the “what the heck” effect that occurs when people indulge in a behavior they are trying to regulate after an initial regulation failure |
| debiasing | reducing errors and biases by getting people to use deliberate processing rather than automatic processing |
| downward counterfactuals | imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one’s opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs |
| false uniqueness effect: | the tendency to underestimate the number of other people who share one’s most prized characteristics and abilities |
| first instinct fallacy | the false belief that it is better not to change one’s first answer on a test even if one starts to think that a different answer is correct |
| framing | how information is presented to others |
| fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) | the tendency for observers to attribute other people’s behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes |
| gain-framed appeal | focuses on how doing something will add to your health |
| gambler’s fallacy | the tendency to believe that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will “even out” in the short run |
| heuristics | mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events |
| hot hand | the tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a “hot” hand and their luck will continue |
| illusion of control | the false belief that one can influence certain events, especially random or chance ones |
| illusory correlation: | the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all |
| knowledge structures | organized packets of information that are stored in memory |
| loss-framed appeal | focuses on how not doing something will subtract from your health |
| meta-cognition | reflecting on one’s own thought processes |
| one-shot illusory correlation | an illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behavior performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group |
| priming | activating an idea in someone’s mind so that related ideas are more accessible |
| regret | involves feeling sorry for one’s misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes |
| representativeness heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case |
| schemas | knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts |
| scripts | knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior |
| self-serving bias | the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure; or internal attributions for success, external attributions for failure |
| simulation heuristic | the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine (or mentally simulate) it |
| social cognition | a movement in social psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships |
| statistical regression (regression to the mean) | the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to be followed by others that are less extreme and closer to average |
| Stroop effect | in the Stroop test, the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color |
| Stroop test | a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a word (which may name a different color) |
| theory perseverance | proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with that conclusion unless there is overwhelming evidence to change it |
| upward counterfactuals | imagining alternatives that are better than actuality |
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Itati2455