A & P test

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.

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Question

Answer

The first motor neuron in an autonomic pathway is called

preganglionic neuron

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The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth muscle is the

autonomic nervous system

🗑

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as the

thoracolumbar division

🗑

Sympathetic fibers

originate in the spinal cord

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The ____ nervous system only contains all sensory neurons and all voluntary motor neurons

somatic

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In the autonomic nervous system there are __ neurons between the CNS and the visceral effector

🗑

the preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system release

acethylcholine

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Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS synapse with the

terminal ganglia

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Sympathetic postgangionic neurons release

norepinephrine

🗑

The neurotransmitter of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division is

norepinephrine

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The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division is

acetylcholine

🗑

Impulses for one division of the ANS stimulates an organ's activity while the other division inhibits the organ's activity. This is called

dual innervation

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The sympathetic division of the ANS

increases the activities of the heart

🗑

Somatic motor neurons

release acetylcholine

🗑

The autonomic nervous system

operates without conscious control

🗑

The portion of the nervous system regulating smooth muscle activity is the

autonomic nervous system

🗑

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by the

hypothalamus

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Responsible for skeletal muscle activity

somatic nervous system

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The divisions of the autonomic nervous system are called

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

🗑

The somatic and autonomic nervous system make up the __ nervous system

peripheral

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A sympathetic response

a breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

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The ganglia which lie on either side of the backbone are the

sympathetic trunk ganglia

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Insulin secretion is promoted by the activity of the

parasympathetic nervous system

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The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norepinephrine to intensify and prolong __effects

sympathetic

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Acetylcholine is inactivated by

acetylcholinesterase

🗑

The acronym "SLUDD" deals with

paradoxical fear and parasympathetic tone

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Excessive contraction of arterioles within the fingers and toes due to prolonged sympathetic stimulation can be

Raynaud's disease

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The parasympathetic nervous system decreases

heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil size, and air pathway diameter

🗑

The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the eye is to

constrict the pupil

🗑

Mind body exercise refers to

tai chi, martial arts, Hatha yoga, internal directed focus

🗑

The most important thing in mind body exercise is

openness to physical and emotional sensaations

🗑

Autonomic literally means

self law

🗑

Homer's Syndrome is

caused by a loss of sympathetic control to one side

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An abnormally large colon caused by improperly developed parasympathetic neurons is called a

megacolon

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The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system are the __ and __ divisions

sympathetic; parasympathetic

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Autonomic fibers can also be called

visceral motor fibers

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The sympathetic division is also called __ division

thoracolumbar

🗑

The celiac ganglion is a __ ganglion

sympathetic

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The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth and cardiac muscle is the __ nervous system

autonomic

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Cholinergic fibers, like the preganglionic fibers, release __

acetylcholine

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The enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine is __

acetylcholinesterase

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Synapses between autonomic neurons and their effectors are called __ junctions

neuroeffector

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The dilation of bronchioles is due to __ activity

sympathetic

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The somatic nervous system is under __ control

voluntary

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The neurotransmitter is all preganglionic fibers is __

acetylcholine

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The neurotransmitter of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers is __

norepinephrine

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The __ division of the ANS stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion

sympathetic

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The __ division of the ANS inhibits digestion

sympathetic

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All the axons of the ANS are __ fibers

motor

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Organs that receive impulses from both divisions of the ANS have __

dual innervation

🗑

Synapses of visceral motor fibers occur in __

autonomic ganglia

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Long preganglionic fibers belong to the __ division

parasympathetic

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Parasympathetic impulses __ the rate of the heartbeat

decrease

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During extreme stress the __ division dominates the __ division

sympathetic; parasympathetic

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The division that conserves and restores the body's energy is the __ division

parasympathetic

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The acronym helpful in remembering five responses that occur when parasympathetic tone rises is "__"

SLUDD

🗑

The autonomic nervous system does the following

regulates the size of the pupils, consists of two subdivisions, regulates visceral activities, and is an involuntary system

🗑

Autonomic ganglia includes

sympathetic trunk ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, and terminal ganglia

🗑

Control of the autonomic nervous system is done by the

cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, brain stem, and hypothalamus

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Visceral effectors include

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and grandular epithelium

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Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

use acetylocholine as the first neurotransmitter

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Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division

are myelinated, leave the spinal cord through the anterior root, synapse with many postganglionic cell bodies, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter

🗑

Sympathetic nervous system

has sympathetic trunk ganglia, speeds up the heart and respiratory rates, and uses epinephrine as a neurotransmitter

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Fight-or-flight responses include

increase of heart rate, increase in blood pressure, dilation of the bronchioles, and decrease of digestive secretions

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Effects of the parasympathetic division include

conserving and restoring of body energy, promoting digestion, and increase in bile secretion

🗑

The simplest sensory receptors are

free nerve endings

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A decrease sensitivity that occurs when a stimulus is continuously applied to sensory receptors is called

adaptation

🗑

The group of somatic senses include

touch, temperature, and pressure receptors, and proprioceptors

🗑

Somatic sensations include

touch, pressure, temperature, and vibration

🗑

Mechanoreceptors include

hair root plexuses, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and organs of Ruffini

🗑

Touch receptors are classified as

mechanoreceptors

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The sense that falls under the category of complex receptors

taste

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True or False: The hypothalamus receives input from areas of the nervous system concerned with emotions

TRUE

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T/F The autonomic nervous system innervates the skeletal muscles

FALSE - the somatic nervous system

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T/F The parasympathetic division of the ANS originates in the brain and the spinal cord

TRUE

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T/F The sympathetic division is involved with energy expenditure

TRUE

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T/F Fear stimulates the parasympathetic division of the ANS

FALSE - sympathetic division

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T/F The dilation of pupils is an autonomic response

TRUE

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T/F All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic

TRUE

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T/F Terminal ganglia are sympathetic ganglia

FALSE - parasympathetic

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T/F Parasympathetic ganglia are near or within visceral effectors

TRUE

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T/F Parasympathetic stimulation increases sweat secretion

FALSE - generally decreases, but really has no effect

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T/F The parasympathetic nervous only originates from the cranial nerves

FALSE - AKA crainosacral - originates from both the cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments

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T/F The parasympathetic nervous system has long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons

TRUE

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T/F Because of its connection to "flight or fight," increased sympathetic stimulation is connected to stress responses

TRUE

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T/F The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body or the "fight-or-flight" response

FALSE - sympathetic

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T/F Pre- and postganglionic fibers are present in the somatic nervous system

FALSE - autonomic

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T/F Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have neurons leading to to the effectors which use two different neurotransmitters

FALSE - they all release acetylcholine and sympathetic post release norepinephrine

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T/F The effects of adrenal medulla are linked to the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

FALSE - sympathetic

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T/F Horner's syndrome causes a megacolon

FALSE - just doesn't happen - Horners is a sympathetic and megacolon is a parasympathetic

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T/F Learning relaxation and stress reduction skills can reduce the harmful effects of stress on the body

TRUE

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T/F The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relaxes the ciliary muscle of the eye to allow for far vision

TRUE

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T/F Autonomic dysreflexia is related to spinal cord injury and the sympathetic nervous system

TRUE

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T/F Instead of exercise to tone up muscle or hearts, some people use mind body exercise to tone up their parasympathetic nervous system

TRUE

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Neurotransmitters of ANS

releases both acetylcholine and norepinephrine

🗑

Decreases heart rate

parasympathetic

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Increase digestion

parasympathetic

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Stimulates renin secretion

sympathetic

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dilation of pupils

sympathetic

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stimulates salivary gland secretion

parasympathetic

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inhibits gastric gland secretion

sympathetic

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increase respiratory rate

sympathetic

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erection of hairs

sympathetic

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promotes gastric gland secretion

parasympathetic

🗑

constricts pupils

parasympathetic

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pressure receptors, which are located around joints, tendons, and muscles are

Pacinian corpuscles

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the sensation of itch results from the stimulation of

free nerve endings

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a kind of pain often experienced by people suffering a heart attack is called

referred pain

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the sense of muscle activity is called

proprioception

🗑

muscle spindles are examples of

proprioceptors

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olfactory receptors

adapt, have knob-shaped dendrites, located in the nasal cavity, and are stimulated by gaseous particles

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areas of the brain involved in olfaction

temporal lobe, hypothalamus, and limbic system

🗑

taste receptors are called

gustatory receptors

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the region that is most sensitive to bitter taste is the

back of the tounge

🗑

the cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway are the

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

🗑

the immediate structure leading tears away from the lacrimal glands is/are the

lacrimal ducts

🗑

the bactericidal enzymes present in tears are

lysozyme

🗑

the "white" of the eye is called

sclera

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the muscle responsible for the change of the shape of the lens is the

ciliary muscle

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the __ belongs to the vascular tunic of the eye

iris

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the layer that contains photoreceptors is the

retina

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the area concerning the highest concentration of cones is the

central fovea

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the clear jellylike substance behind the lens of the eye is the

vitreous humor

🗑

the bending of light that happens at the cornea and lens is

refraction

🗑

the inability to clearly see near objects is called

hypermetropia

🗑

the "canal of Schlemm" is another term for the

scleral venous sinus

🗑

the photopigment in rods is

rhodopsin

🗑

forms the optic nerve

ganglion cells

🗑

the external ear has

auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and ceruminous glands

🗑

the middle ear has

ossicles

🗑

the middle party of the bony labrynith is the

vestibule

🗑

located between the cochlear duct and the scala vestibuli is the

vestibular membrane

🗑

the center of the eardrum is connected to the

malleus

🗑

the receptors for hearing are located in the

cochlea

🗑

the senses for dynamic equilibrium are located in the

semicircular ducts

🗑

the abnormally high intraocular pressure is referred to as

glaucoma

🗑

the most common cause of blindness in the United States is

glaucoma

🗑

"pinkeye" is the common term for

conjunctivitis

🗑

if you enter a room and smell a strong odor, which seems to soon fade away, you have experienced

sensory adaptation

🗑

when you sniff to help you detect or identify odors, you are

forcing air to the top of the nasal cavity where the chemoreceptors are located

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the sense of balance that tell you "where your head is at" when you are not moving is called __ equilibrium and is a function of the __ in the inner ear

static & utricle and saccule

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the function of the extrinsic eye muscles

are to roll eyes after taking a particularly awful test

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abnormal in someone who is unable to see in low light (night blind)

rods

🗑

the ossicles of the ear are responsible for

sound conduction and amplification

🗑

accommodation involves change the shape of the

lens

🗑

changes vibrations to nerve impulses

cochlea and Organ of Corti

🗑

referred pain occurs because of

shared pathways between visceral organs and body surfaces

🗑

Uses mechanoreceptors

hearing, touch, pressure, and proprioceptors

🗑

pain that persist for at least two months without responding to appropriate treatment is

chronic pain

🗑

relaxation and meditation are used to control pain because

it distracts the patient, decreases anxiety, persons gain a sense of personal control, and certain thoughts and situations can reduce pain

🗑

a ringing in the ears is scientifically referred to as

tinnitus

🗑

the greatest single cause of blindness in the world is

trachoma

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T/F Muscle spindles are found at the junction of a tendon with a muscle

FALSE - in the length of the muscle

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T/F Equilibrium is classified as a special sense

TRUE

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T/F Tactile receptor consist of the axons of sensory neurons

FALSE - free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors

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T/F Type I touch are very quick to adapt to a touch sensation

FALSE - slow to adapt

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T/F Themoreceptors are free nerve endings

TRUE

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T/F Pain is essential because it protects us from greater damage

TRUE

🗑

T/F The highest concentration of taste buds is found in filiform papillae

FALSE - filiform papillae has no tastebuds

🗑

T/F The adult eyeball measures about 3.5 cm in diameter

FALSE - 2.5 cm

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T/F The middle layer of the eyeball is the vascular tunic

TRUE

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T/F Cones are specialized for color vision

TRUE

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T/F Night blindness is most often caused by a vitamin C deficiency

FALSE - vitamin A

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T/F Some fibers of the optic nerve cross in the optic tract

FALSE - optic chiasm

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T/F The middle ear is a small air-filled cavity between the eardrum and the internal ear

TRUE

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T/F The walls of the utricle contain a small, flat region called macula

TRUE

🗑

T/F Almost any excessive sensation such as loud noise, can cause the sensation of pain.

TRUE

🗑

T/F Sensation of senses actually occurs in the brain. In other words, perception occurs when the brain interprets what the electrical impulse from the receptor is trying to tell it

TRUE

🗑

T/F Sound is conducted through air, bone and fluid before it is changed to electrical impulses in the inner ear.

TRUE

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T/F The middle tunic of the eye consists of the choroids coat, cornea, lens and ciliary body

FALSE - does not have the cornea which is located in the fibrous tunic

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T/F When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens flattens for far vision

FALSE - muscle relaxes

🗑

T/F The muscles of the iris and ciliary muscle are considered to be extrinsic eye muscles because they are voluntary

FALSE - intrinsic

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T/F People with chronic pain tend to avoid movement and exercise

TRUE

🗑

T/F Pain is now considered to have both a physical and psychological factors

TRUE

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T/F A loss of transparency of the lens is known as cataracts

TRUE

🗑

T/F A total lack of the sense of smell is called anosmia

TRUE

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T/F Conduction deafness is caused by damage to chochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve

FALSE - sensorineural

🗑

a __ must convert a stimulus to an electrical signal

sensory receptor

🗑

the small area of the retina, which does not contain photoreceptors but the optic nerve, is the

optic disc

🗑

receptors that detect pressure or stretching are collectively called

mechanoreceptors

🗑

the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal conditions of the body is a(n)

sensation

🗑

conscious sensations are integrated in the

cerebral cortex

🗑

the ability to recognize which point of the body is touched is referred to as a

tactile sensation

🗑

receptors for pain are called

nociceptors

🗑

receptors for taste are called __ receptors.

gustatory

🗑

the __ gland produces tears

lacrimal

🗑

the colored portion of the eyeball is the

iris

🗑

a loss of transparency of the lens is known as

cataract

🗑

the ability of the lens to change its curvature is called

accommodation

🗑

images that focus upside down on the retina are called __ images

inverted

🗑

the receptors for color vision and bright light are

conese

🗑

glands produce earwax

ceruminous

🗑

the bony labyrinth contains fluid called the

perilymph

🗑

the organ of hearing is the

Organ of Corti (spiral organ)

🗑

the balance and posture of the body without movement of the head is called

static equilibrium

🗑

an inflammation of the conjunctiva is called

conjunctivitis

🗑

the opening of a taste bud is the

taste pore

🗑

the hole in the center of the iris is the

pupil

🗑

the pressure in the eye that is mainly produced by the aqueous humor is the

intraocular pressure

🗑

the thin membrane between the external auditory canal and the ossicles is the

tympanic membrane

🗑

the greater the frequency of sound the higher the

pitch

🗑

a type of receptor that provides information about the mechanical energy is called a(n)

mechanoreceptor

🗑

acute bacterial infection of the middle ear

otitis media

🗑

disorder brought on by motion

motion sickness

🗑

inflammation of the eyelid

blepharitis

🗑

inflammation of the auditory tube

eustachitis

🗑

inflammation of the inner ear

labyrinthitis

🗑

rapid involuntary movement of the eyeballs

mystagmus

🗑

dilated pupil

mydriasis

🗑

ringing in the ears

tinnitus

🗑

change in the environment capable of activating sensory neurons

stimulus

🗑

receptors of pain

nociceptors

🗑

pain in the skin overlying the stimulated organ

referred pain

🗑

lining of the eyelid

conjunctiva

🗑

responsible for night vision

rods

🗑

responsible for dynamic equilibrium

semicircular ducts

🗑

corpuscles of touch

Meissner's corpuscles

🗑

help induce inflammation

prostaglandins

🗑

controls general body growth and metabolism

hGH

🗑

stimulates the adrenal cortex

ACTH

🗑

stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles

FSH

🗑

initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands

prolactin

🗑

decreases urine volume

ADH

🗑

contains iodine

thyroid hormone

🗑

are anti-inflammatory compounds

glucocorticoids

🗑

secreted by alpha cells

glucagon

🗑

secreted by the pineal gland

melatonin

🗑

the adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal medulla and the

adrenal cortex

🗑

thyroid hormones regulate growth and development, the activity of the nervous system, and

metabolism

🗑

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are produced in cells of the

hypothalamus

🗑

hormones that influence other endocrine glands are called __ hormones

tropic

🗑

enlarged thyroid gland is called

goiter

🗑

oversecretion of hGH during childhood results in

giantism

🗑

the conversion of glucose into glycogen is accelerated by

insulin

🗑

the endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called

Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)

🗑

mineralcorticoids are produced in the

adrenal cortex

🗑

the two principal hormones of the adrenal medulla are __ and __

epinephrine and norepinephrine

🗑

the class of adrenal cortex hormones that deals with metabolism and resistance to stress are

glucocorticoids

🗑

The __ glands are found in the thyroid gland

parathyroid

🗑

he inhibition of bone breakdown is the function of

calcitonin

🗑

the receptors in the hypothalamus that detect low water concentration in the blood are

osmoreceptors

🗑

the release of milk by the mammary glands depends on the hormone

ocytocin

🗑

the formation of corpus luteum is stimulated by

luteinizing hormone (LH)

🗑

the production and secretion of thyroid hormone is stimulated by

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

🗑

hormones that can enter the plasma membrane without a receptor are __ hormones

lipid-soluble

🗑

calcitriol is a hormone of the

kidneys

🗑

the production of oocytes by the ovaries is stimulated by

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

🗑

the hypothalamus controls the activity of the anterior pituitary by way of

releasing and inhibiting hormones

🗑

hormones pass from secretory cells into the __ fluid and then into the blood and are called circulating hormones

interstitial

🗑

the endocrine system releases messenger molecules called

hormones

🗑

the science concerned with the endocrine system is called

endocrinology

🗑

T/F Benign tumors of the adrenal medulla are called pheochromocytomas

TRUE

🗑

T/F Ovaries decrease in size with age and are less responsive to gonadotropins which causes a decrease in estrogen leading to increased susceptibility to osteoporosis.

TRUE

🗑

T/F The pancreas releases insulin more quickly as a person ages and so blood glucose levels rise more slowly in the elderly

FALSE - releases more slowly; blood glucose levels rise faster

🗑

T/F If the resistance stage of the stress response fails to combat the stressor exhaustion may ensue

TRUE

🗑

T/F The thymus gland is largest in infancy and is replaced by adipose and connective tissue and the person ages

TRUE

🗑

T/F Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called a stressor

TRUE

🗑

T/F Steroid hormones act by binding to a protein receptor on the cell membrane of their target cell

FALSE - water-soluble hormones

🗑

T/F A player in the NBA would benefit from an injection of GH

FALSE - they have too much hGH; short person needs hGH

🗑

T/F The hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland by nervous impulses

FALSE - by neurosecretory cells

🗑

T/F Androgens are hormones secreted by the male endocrine system only

FALSE - in both males and females

🗑

T/F The renin-angiotensin pathway is involved in the control of aldosterone secretion

TRUE

🗑

T/F Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland

FALSE - produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid

🗑

T/F Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion resulting in an increased urine output

TRUE

🗑

T/F Vasopressin is another name for antidiuretic hormone

TRUE

🗑

T/F FSH stimulates the testis to produce testosterone

FALSE - LH; FSH is sperm production

🗑

T/F Hormones of the hypothalamus control the release of human growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

TRUE

🗑

T/F Prolactin is a hormone involved in the initiation of milk production in the mammary glands

TRUE

🗑

T/F Some glands produce hormones in response to a signal from the autonomic nervous system

TRUE

🗑

T/F Cells of the posterior pituitary produce vasopressin

FALSE - posterior pituitary only stores and releases

🗑

T/F Hormone secretion is primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms

TRUE

🗑

T/F Most peptide and protein hormones diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer to get into a target cell

FALSE - peptide and protein hormones are water-soluble which attaches to receptors on the cell membrane

🗑

T/F Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol

TRUE

🗑

T/F Hormones do not regulate the activity of the immune system

FALSE - regulates some immune system activities

🗑

T/F The nervous system and the endocrine system regulate homeostasis

TRUE

🗑

a cluster of disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and abdominal fat is called:

metabolic syndrome

🗑

abdominal fat is riskier that other adipose tissue because:

fat cells in abdominal regions are more metabolically active and responsive to hormones

🗑

condition in which insulin receptors do not respond to properly to insulin is called:

insulin resistance

🗑

as we age the following occurs

some endocrine glands shrink, production of human growth hormone decreases, muscles atrophy, and body fat increases

🗑

the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullae all initiate __ in response to stress:

fight or flight response

🗑

under normal circumstances, individuals do not produce too much thyroxine because

it is under negative feedback control

🗑

an adult who over secretes GH doesn’t get taller. Why not?

epiphyseal plates are closed in adults

🗑

insulin is secreted by the pancreas after a meal in order to

decrease the concentration of blood glucose

🗑

glucagon is produced in the __ cells of the __

alpha, pancreas

🗑

which hormone stimulates cells to grow and divide?

growth hormone

🗑

the activities of the adrenal cortex are controlled by

ACTH

🗑

hormone secretion is controlled by

nerve impulses, circulating chemicals, releasing hormones, and inhibiting hormones

🗑

cells that respond to a particular hormone are called

target cells

🗑

a decline in the number of pancreatic beta cells is characteristic for

type I diabetes

🗑

Cushing's syndrome is due to an oversecretion of

glucocorticoids

🗑

insufficient ADH release causes

diabetes insipidus

🗑

oversecretion of hGH during childhood is called

giantism

🗑

the second stage of the stress response is

the resistance reaction

🗑

prostaglandins

act as local hormones, help induce inflammation, and are important in fat metabolism

🗑

melatonin is a hormone of the

pineal gland

🗑

FSH secretion is inhibited by

inhibin

🗑

the development and maintenance of the female sex characteristics is the responsibility of

progesterone and estrogen

🗑

glucagon

accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose

🗑

insulin is secreted by

beta cells

🗑

the gland which can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

🗑

hormones responsible for the fight-or-flight response

epinephrine and norepinephrine

🗑

the endocrine gland that is directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system

adrenal medulla

🗑

glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the

adrenal gland

🗑

mineralcorticoids

are produced in the adrenal cortex, steroid hormones, and help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium

🗑

the hormone that inhibits the action of osteoclasts is

calcitonin

🗑

the hormone released in response to low blood calcium levels is

parathyroid hormone

🗑

Cells that produces thyroxine

follicular cells

🗑

calcitonin is a hormone of the

thyroid gland

🗑

the hormone that controls the production and release of glucocorticoids

ACTH

🗑

the hormone which is released in large quantities just before childbirth is

oxytocin

🗑

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the

hypothalamus

🗑

the hormones that neurosecretory cells produce

antidiuretic hormone

🗑

the hormones released in response to releasing hormones

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin

🗑

insulinlike growth factor is released in response to

human growth hormone (hGH)

🗑

hormones that are released in response to hypoglycemia

🗑

hormone which effects skin pigmentation is

MSH

🗑

hormones of the anterior pituitary

hGH, FSH, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

🗑

hormones is released in response to a nerve impulse

epinephrine

🗑

hormones that stimulates testosterone production by the testis

🗑

pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the

infundibulum

🗑

hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is

oxytocin

🗑

hormones regulating blood calcium levels are

PTH and calcitonin

🗑

hormones that bind to receptors within the target cells are

lipid soluble

🗑

second messenger in the action of many water-soluble hormones such as peptides is

cAMP

🗑

organs that contain hormone producing cells

stomach, liver, and skin

🗑

endocrine glands include

adrenal, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary

🗑

systems that work closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body’s functions

nervous system

🗑

contain hemoglobin

erythrocytes

🗑

release lysozyme

neutrophils

🗑

produce antibodies

lymphocytes

🗑

become wandering macrophages

monocytes

🗑

release histaminase

eosinophils

🗑

present in high numbers during parasitic infection

eosinophils

🗑

known as mast cells

basophils

🗑

caused by inadequate absorption or excessive loss of iron

Iron-deficiency anemia

🗑

due to an insufficient production of erythrocytes

Pernicious anemia

🗑

an excessive loss of erythrocytes through bleeding

Hemolytic anemia

🗑

characterized by distortion in the shape of erythrocytes

Hemolytic anemia

🗑

a result of the destruction or inhibition of red bond marrow

Aplastic anemia

🗑

due to the production of abnormal hemoglobin

Sickle-cell anemia

🗑

T/F Regular physical activity decreases plasma volume thus increasing clotting abilities when injured

FALSE - increases volume

🗑

collective erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called the __ elements of blood

formed

🗑

the branch of science concerned with the study of blood is called

hematology

🗑

the three functions of blood are transportation, regulation, and

protection

🗑

blood belongs to __ tissue

connective

🗑

another name for globulins is

antibodies

🗑

the process of blood cell formation is called

hemopoiesis

🗑

the pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells is

hemoglobin

🗑

the protein portion of hemoglobin is

globin

🗑

erythrocyte formation is called

erythropoisis

🗑

surface proteins on nucleated cells that can be used to identify tissues for transplantation are

major histocompatibility antigens

🗑

the function of platelets is

blood clotting

🗑

when platelets accumulate and attach to each other they form a mass called the

platelet plug

🗑

breaking of blood clot is called

fibrinolysis

🗑

the surface of red blood cells contains antigens called

antigens or agglutinogens

🗑

individuals with type A blood have __ antibodies in the plasma

🗑

the Rh system of blood classification was first discovered in the blood of the

Rhesus monkey

🗑

the hemolysis caused by fetal-maternal incompatibility is called

erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn

🗑

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood is reduced is called

anemia

🗑

bleeding, either internal or external is referred to as

hemorrhage

🗑

septicemia is the medical term for

blood poisoning

🗑

the release of hemoglobin into the blood as a result of red blood cell rupture is called

hemolysis

🗑

during blood clotting prothrombin is converted into the enzyme

thrombin

🗑

plasma minus the clotting proteins is called

serum

🗑

functions of the blood

transportation, regulation, and protection

🗑

the blood volume of an averaged sized male is

5 to 6 liters

🗑

the pH range for blood is

7.35 – 7.45

🗑

the thin layer of white blood cells in centrifuged blood is called

buffy coat

🗑

most of the plasma proteins are

albumins

🗑

belongs to agranular leukocytes

monocyte

🗑

cells that do NOT have a nucleus

erythrocytes

🗑

the life span of red blood cells is

120 days

🗑

the pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is

hemoglobin

🗑

worn-out red blood cells are phagocytized in the

liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

🗑

components of hemoglobin that can be reused by other cells for protein synthesis

globin

🗑

cellular oxygen deficiency is called

hypoxia

🗑

the first phagocytotic cells at the site of a bacterial invasion are

neutrophils

🗑

an allergic condition or a parasite infection is often manifested in a high count of

eosinophils

🗑

blood cells that can develop into "wandering macrophages

monocytes

🗑

an increase in the number of white blood cells is called

leukocytosis

🗑

abnormally low levels of white blood cells which may be caused by radiation is called

leukopenia

🗑

how many platelets should appear in each μL of blood

150,000-400,000

🗑

the sequences that describes the steps in the formation of a platelet plug

platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation

🗑

the process of clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called

thrombosis

🗑

stoppage of bleeding is called

homeostasis

🗑

the threads of a blood clot are formed by

fibrin

🗑

involved in blood clotting

thrombin, calcium, fibrin, and prothrombinase

🗑

heredity deficiencies of coagulation is referred to as

hemophilia

🗑

the enzyme responsible for breaking up a blood clot is

plasmin

🗑

the anticoagulant produced by mast cells is

heparin

🗑

a blood clot transported by the blood stream is a(n)

embolus

🗑

a person with blood type A has

A antigens on the red blood cells

🗑

an individual with which ABO blood type can theoretically donate blood to recipients of all ABO types

type O

🗑

the damage to red blood cells due to incompatible blood transfusion is called

hemolysis

🗑

small inappropriate blood clots inside of a blood vessel are dissolved in a process called

fibrinolysis

🗑

insufficient production of erythrocytes due to lack of vitamin B12 is the cause for

pericious anemia

🗑

the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule is

heme

🗑

the hormone released by the kidney and is stimulating RBC production is

erythropoietin

🗑

the ion, which is essential in the blood-clotting mechanism, is

calcium

🗑

the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the

hematocrit

🗑

anemia may be caused by

bleeding, lack of sufficient nutrients in the diet, and breakdown of RBC’s prematurely

🗑

contains hemoglobin

erythrocytes

🗑

Dracula has the B agglutinin but not the A antigen, what blood type does he have

🗑

any decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity whether caused by nutrition, bleeding or high altitude is called

anemia

🗑

the most abundant blood cell in the body is the

erythrocytes

🗑

an abnormal increase in the number of red cells is called

polycemia

🗑

Sickle Cell Disease is

an abnormal hemoglobin causing the RBC to bend

🗑

induced polycythemia is

done by athletes to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, achieved by injecting Epoetin alfa, dangerous and increases blood pressure, and a cause of death from heart attacks or strokes

🗑

bone marrow transplants can be used to treat

aplastic anemia – caused by abnormal RBM, Hodgkin’s disease, thalassemia, and sickle cell disesase

🗑

the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is named because

damaged tissues release a protein into the blood from outside the blood vessels

🗑

T/F All blood cells originate from pluripotent stem cells

TRUE

🗑

T/F The kidney excretes bilirubin

FALSE – the liver

🗑

T/F Neonatal anemia disappears as the kidney matures

TRUE

🗑

T/F Leukocytes can be divided into three major groups

FALSE – two major groups: granular or agranular

🗑

T/F Lymphocytes are the largest leukocytes

FALSE - monocyte

🗑

T/F Monocytes that migrate to infected tissues are called wandering macrophages

TRUE

🗑

T/F Inflammation causes an increase in the hematocrit

FALSE – white blood cells

🗑

T/F Neutrophils are granulocytes

TRUE

🗑

T/F Plasma proteins are confined to blood

TRUE

🗑

T/F The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is more complex than the intrinsic pathway

FALSE – the intrinsic is more complex

🗑

T/F The breaking up of a blood clot is called clot retraction

FALSE – fibrinolysis

🗑

T/F Blood clotting always results in the formation of embolus

FALSE – can be thromosis

🗑

T/F Heparin is produced by mast cells

TRUE

🗑

T/F A blood clot that is transported by the blood stream is called a thrombus

FALSE - embolus

🗑

T/F Agglutinins are also called antibodies

TRUE

🗑

T/F Cyanosis is caused by too many leukocytes in the blood

FALSE – prolonged hypoxia – deficiency of oxygen

🗑

T/F The production of red blood cells is closely linked to the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. If this is low, the red bone marrow makes a hormone called erythroheparin to increase the number of RBC’s

FALSE – oxygen carrying capacity

🗑

T/F Pluripotentent stem cells are special cells in the red bone marrow, which have the potential to become any of the seven formed elements

TRUE

🗑

T/F Being type AB means you either have the A or B antigens but not both

FALSE – AB will have both

🗑

T/F Plasma constitutes about 55% on the blood volume

TRUE

🗑

T/F Mature erythrocytes can reproduce

FALSE – cannot reproduce b/c of lack of nucleus

🗑

T/F In a bone marrow transport it is necessary to inject the new bone marrow into the bone

FALSE – injected into the vein like blood

🗑

T/F At low doses, aspirin enhances vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

FALSE - inhibits

🗑

T/F In practice, the use of the terms universal recipient and universal donor in blood typing is misleading and dangerous

TRUE

🗑

T/F Smoking increases blood fibrinogen levels which leads to an increased clotting risk

TRUE

🗑

the outer portion of the pericardium is the

fibrous pericardium

🗑

the layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium is called

endocardium

🗑

cardiac muscle fibers are connected with each other by

intercalated discs

🗑

the portion of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

🗑

portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium

left ventricle

🗑

blood transported by the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium

🗑

the muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right wall because it

pumps the blood to the entire body

🗑

the left ventricle pumps the blood into the

ascending aorta

🗑

blood vessel that delivers blood to the right atrium

vena cava

🗑

the blood vessel that carries blood highest in oxygen is the

pulmonary vein

🗑

the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

bicuspid valve

🗑

the valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the

aortic semilunar valve

🗑

the blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the

coronary sinus

🗑

death of an area of cardiac tissue due to an interrupted blood supply is called

myocardial infarction

🗑

the blood supply to the myocardial wall of the heart is supplied by the

coronary arteries

🗑

the normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the

sinoatrial node

🗑

the sequence of structures in the cardiac conduction system

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

🗑

the P wave of an ECG indicates

atrial depolarization

🗑

atrial repolarization

cannot be seen on the ECG because occurs during the ventricular repolarization

🗑

the correct order of ECG waves

P, QRS, T

🗑

at rest each cardiac cycle lasts approximately __ seconds

0.8

🗑

the remaining 25% of the blood that fills the ventricles after the relaxation period occurs during

atrial systole

🗑

closing of the AV valves produces the

the first heart sound (lubb)

🗑

heart murmurs are usually the result of defective

valves

🗑

the cardiac output is

the milliliters of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle

🗑

the cardiovascular center is located in the

medulla oblongata

🗑

causes an increase in the rate of the heartbeat

norepinephrine

🗑

changes in the blood pressure are detected by

baroreceptors

🗑

impulses carried by means of the vagus nerve are

parasympathetic impulses that decrease the heart rate

🗑

the average heartbeat of a healthy human is

75 beats per minute

🗑

the study of the heart and diseases associated with it is known as

cardiology

🗑

the bulk of the heart consists of

myocardium

🗑

the two upper chambers of the heart are separated from each other by the

interatrial septum

🗑

risk factor(s) for the development of heart disease includes

high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and genetic predisposition

🗑

the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the

tricuspid valve

🗑

when blood moves from an atrium to a ventricle

the valve is pushed open, the papillary muscles relax, and the corordae tendinae slacken

🗑

parasympathetic neurons reach the heart via the __ cranial nerve

🗑

a fluttering of the heart is called

palpitation

🗑

blood from which three vessels enters the right atrium

the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus

🗑

atherosclerosis is a condition in which

fatty deposits called plaques partially block the arteries

🗑

why is the right ventricle wall thinner than the left ventricle?

the left ventricle has to pump blood further and if the right pumped as hard as the left, the lungs would burst

🗑

regulates stroke volume

degree of stretch in the heart, Starling’s law, force of contraction, and pressure required and the opening of the valves

🗑

pulmonary edema results from

congestive heart failure

🗑

the increase in blood pressure during exercise could

cause unstable plaque in a blood vessel to rupture triggering the clotting process

🗑

during strenuous exercise, a well trained athelete can achieve a cardiac output __ that of a sedentary person

double

🗑

fluid compressing the heart causes a life threatening condition called

cardiac tamponade

🗑

CAD stands for

coronary artery disease

🗑

the “good” chemical that takes cholesterol to the liver for elimination is

low density lipoproteins

🗑

T/F All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain non-oxygenated blood

FALSE – both carry oxygenated and deoxygenated depending on the original source

🗑

T/F Atrioventricular valves are held closed by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

TRUE

🗑

T/F The heart valves prevent the backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle

TRUE

🗑

T/F The autonomic nervous system initiates the contraction of the heart

FALSE – the SA node

🗑

T/F Malfunctioning heart valves is called myocardial infarction

FALSE – heart attack

🗑

T/F Blood flow through the heart is caused by changes in the size of the chambers

TRUE

🗑

T/F The atria receive the blood returning to the heart

TRUE

🗑

T/F Acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic fibers increases the rate of the heartbeat

FALSE – decreases the heart rate

🗑

T/F Elevated levels of potassium decrease the heart rate and strength of the contraction

TRUE

🗑

T/F The rate of the heartbeat stays constant throughout life

FALSE – changes due to age, physical fitness, body temperature, or diet

🗑

T/F Exercise increases cardiac efficiency and output

TRUE

🗑

T/F pericardium 3 layers: outer layer parietal pericardium forms inelastic pericardial cavity around; middle is visceral pericardium; inner layer is either fibrous pericardium if reference pericardial coverings or epicardium if reference layers

FALSE – pericardium is 2 parts; fibrous is outside then serous which has the parietal and inner visceral layer (epicardium)

🗑

T/F Oxygen is sent to the myocardium first through the cardiac arteries

FALSE – sent to left atrium via pulmonary veins

🗑

T/F In general, heart attack risk is low for those who exercise regularly and higher for those who do not

TRUE

🗑

T/F Any irregular heart rhythm is an arrhythmia

TRUE

🗑

T/F Ischemia, hypoxia, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction all result from a lack of oxygen to the heart tissue

TRUE

🗑

T/F There is evidence from heart transplants that there is replacement of heart cells

TRUE

🗑

T/F Overall, the incidence of death during physical activity is relatively high

FALSE - low

🗑

T/F The beginning of an atherosclerotic plaque is a fatty streak formed from magrophages eating LDL particles and T cells

TRUE

🗑

T/F Silent myocardial ischemia is a reduced blood flow to the heart tissue without any pain or forewarning

TRUE

🗑

T/F Valvular stenosis is a combination of 4 defects including the aorta emerging from both ventricules

FALSE – tetralogy of fallot

🗑

the inner visceral layer of the pericardium is also called the

epicardium

🗑

the scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it is

cardiology

🗑

the space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes is the

pericardial cavity

🗑

inflammation of the pericardium is called

pericarditis

🗑

the thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the cardiac muscle fibers are

intercalated discs

🗑

the backflow of blood through an incompletely closed valve is called

regurgitation

🗑

the pouchlike structure on the anterior surface of each atrium is called

auricle

🗑

the right ventricle pumps blood into the

pulmonary trunk

🗑

the coronary arteries originate as branches of the

ascending aorta

🗑

the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the __ valve

tricuspid

🗑

the large vein in the back of the heart collecting deoxygenated blood is the

coronary sinus

🗑

the structure that picks up an action potential from the SA node is/are the

AV node

🗑

the medical term for heart attack is

myocardial infarction

🗑

a recording of the electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called a(n)

electrocardiogram

🗑

the spread of the action potential through the ventricles is recorded as the __ wave of an ECG

QRS

🗑

the specialized tissue capable of conducting action potentials and allowing the heart to beat without direct stimulus from the nervous system is the

conduction system

🗑

contraction of the heart muscle is referred to as

systole

🗑

heart sounds are produced by the __ of the AV valves and the semilunar valves

closing

🗑

the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during each contraction is called the

stroke volume

🗑

the __ law of the heart explains the relationship between the stretching of the ventricular wall and the contraction strength

Starling’s

🗑

a general term referring to an irregularity in the rhythm of the heart is

arrhythmia

🗑

a procedure that is used to visualize the coronary arteries, chambers, valves, and great vessels is

cardiac catheterization

🗑

the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic fibers that increase the rate of the heartbeat is

norepinephrine

🗑

an incomplete closure of the interventricular septum causes

interventricular septal defect

🗑

a defect that exists at birth, and usually before, is called a(n)

congenital defect

🗑

the pacemaker of the heart

SA node

🗑

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

tricuspid valve

🗑

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

bicuspid valve

🗑

emerge from the bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

🗑

consists of cardiac muscle tissue

myocardium

🗑

the external layer of the heart wall

epicardium

🗑

contraction of the heart chambers

systole

🗑

relaxation of the heart chambers

diastole

🗑

blood vessel associated with the left ventricle

aorta

🗑

blood vessel associated with the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

🗑

refers to rapid heart rate

tachycardia

🗑

indicates a slow heart rate

bradycardia

🗑

low blood pressure

hypotension

🗑

high blood pressure

hypertension

🗑

inflammation of an artery

arteritis

🗑

inflammation of a vein

phlebitis

🗑

inflammation of a vein with clot formation

thrombophlebitis

🗑

the obstruction of a blood vessel lumen

occlusion

🗑

a temporary cessation of consciousness

syncope

🗑

the smallest type of blood vessels are

capillaries

🗑

the endothelium consists of

simple squamous epithelium

🗑

the two main methods of capillary exchange are

diffusion and bulk flow

🗑

exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the

capillaries

🗑

venous return is due to

contraction of the heart, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump

🗑

blood vessels that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane are capillaries

🗑

venules

are small veins, collect blood from capillaries, drain into veins, and are similar in structure to arterioles

🗑

blood vessels that are referred to as blood reservoirs

veins

🗑

blood pressure is highest in the

arteries

🗑

resistance is related to

blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and blood vessel radius

🗑

involved in the regulation of blood pressure

baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and carotid bodies

🗑

atrial natriuretic peptide

is released by cells of the heart and lowers blood pressure

🗑

a symptom of shock

increased levels of aldosterone, rapid, resting heart rate, cool, pale skin, and sweating

🗑

increase(s) blood pressure

increased cardiac rate, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, and increased water retention

🗑

peripheral resistance

increases as blood viscosity increases

🗑

the cardiovascular center is located in the

medulla oblongata

🗑

sympathetic stimulation results in

increase in blood pressure

🗑

baroreceptors are located in the

aorta and internal carotid arteries

🗑

neurons that monitor carbon dioxide levels in the blood and are located in the carotid and aortic bodies are

chemoreceptors

🗑

hormones that influences blood pressure

ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and renin

🗑

hormones that cause an increase in blood pressure

epinephrine, norepinephrine, rennin, and ADH

🗑

blood vessels that would have the greatest resistance to blood flow

a long, small diameter blood vessel

🗑

the movement of blood from the abdominal veins into the thoracic veins is mostly due to

pressure difference between the abdominal and thoracic cavity

🗑

blood vessels are commonly used to feel the pulse

radial artery, brachial artery, popliteal artery, and common carotid artery

🗑

the pulse is a direct reflection of the

heart rate

🗑

the diastolic blood pressure

provides information about the resistance of blood vessels

🗑

describes the pulmonary circulation

right ventricle to left atrium

🗑

the blood vessel(s) containing blood with the highest oxygen contents is/are the

pulmonary veins

🗑

all systemic blood vessels branch from the

aorta

🗑

the circulatory route which bring blood to the tissues and back to the heart is the

systemic circulation

🗑

the common carotid is part of the

cerebral circulation

🗑

the blood rich in substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is carried by the

hepatic circulation

🗑

changes in the cardiovascular system related to the aging process

reduced cardiac output, increased systolic blood pressure, and decreased maximum heart rate

🗑

the fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation because of two organ systems that are non-functional. These organ systems are the

respiratory and digestive systems

🗑

arteries that directly branches from the abdominal aorta

common iliac, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, and renal

🗑

the direct continuation of the brachial artery is the __ artery

radial

🗑

the main vein draining blood from the heart tissue is the

coronary sinus

🗑

the external jugular veins empty into the

subclavian veins

🗑

the formation of new blood vessels is referred to as

angiogenesis

🗑

where is blood flow the slowest

veins

🗑

arteries vs. veins

arteries are stronger, smaller in diameter, most do not have valves, and have higher blood pressure

🗑

blood flow through a particular tissue area is controlled by

constriction of the precapillary sphincter of the arterioles

🗑

blood is mainly moved through the veins

by changes in local muscle tissue and thoracic pressure

🗑

the sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the superior and inferior vena cavae to the lungs

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk

🗑

gases and nutrients leave the blood at the

arteriole end of the capillaries

🗑

blood flow from the heart to the lungs is called

the pulmonary circuit

🗑

atherosclerosis is a condition in which

the arteries are “hardened” by deposits within the wall

🗑

atherosclerosis has

stable plaque has a low lipid content, stable plaque doesn’t grow much, unstable plaque is more likely to rupture than stable plaque, and unstable plaque often contains a large number of macrophages

🗑

more common in the elderly

CAD, CHF, atherosclerosis, and decreased blood flow to the brain

🗑

chronically high blood pressure is called

hypertension

🗑

will help prevent hypertension or lower blood pressure

don’t smoke, reduce intake of sodium, exercise, and reduce or manage stress

🗑

a thin weakened section of an artery or vein that bulges out is called a(n)

aneurysm

🗑

T/F Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction

TRUE

🗑

T/F All veins carry blood low in oxygen

FALSE – pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood

🗑

T/F Leaky valves cause varicose veins

TRUE

🗑

T/F Blood flow refers to the amount of blood that passes through a blood vessel in a given period of time

TRUE

🗑

T/F Blood always flows from regions of lower blood concentration to regions of higher blood concentration

FALSE - high to low

🗑

T/F Epinephrine has no effect on blood pressure

FALSE – increases blood pressure

🗑

T/F Vascular resistance refers to the resistance to blood flow in the peripheral circulation

TRUE

🗑

T/F Blood volume only occasionally changes blood pressure

FALSE - always

🗑

T/F The vasomotor center is located in the hypothalamus

FALSE – in the medulla oblongata

🗑

T/F Parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve causes a decrease in heart rate

TRUE

🗑

T/F Exercise can cause an increase in blood pressure

TRUE

🗑

T/F Muscle tissue is not dependent on autoregulation of blood flow

FALSE – are dependent

🗑

T/F Velocity of blood flow depends on the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel

TRUE

🗑

T/F Skeletal muscle contractions help to return venous blood

TRUE

🗑

T/F Bradycardia indicates a rapid heart rate

FALSE – slow

🗑

T/F Arteries and veins have several layers including 2 layers of connective tissue, layer of smooth muscle and smooth endothelium lining for efficient blood flow and to prevent clotting. The muscle lining is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins

TRUE

🗑

T/F There isn’t enough blood to go around to all the tissues so the diameter of the arteries and arterioles as well as the constriction of the precapillary sphincters helps determine where blood should go

TRUE

🗑

T/F Heart rate is regulated by the cardiac center in the hypothalamus and chemoreceptors that detect oxygen levels in the blood

FALSE – cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

🗑

T/F The major factor that moves blood through the body is pressure differences in the blood vessels between when it leaves the heart and as it returns

TRUE

🗑

T/F Systolic pressure is the higher number because it is the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is lower but it is a constant pressure, because the ventricles are relaxed

TRUE

🗑

T/F Recently, researchers have discovered that it is impossible to reverse the plaque damage of atherosclerosis

FALSE – possible

🗑

T/F Regular exercise and stress management can help decrease the plaque buildup associated with atherosclerosis

TRUE

🗑

T/F Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of heart disease and death in older Americans

TRUE

🗑

T/F Under the new guidelines, the prehypertension classification now contains individuals that would previously have been considered normal. This means the systolic and diastolic readings for this category are lower than in the past

TRUE

🗑

T/F Orthostatic hypotension is a large decrease in blood pressure caused by a person standing up

TRUE

🗑

arterioles within a tissue or organ branch into countless microscopic vessels called

capillaries

🗑

the movement of water and solutes out of capillaries into the interstitial fluid is called

filtration

🗑

the movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries is called

reabsorption

🗑

an increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as

vasodilatation

🗑

the blood flow in capillaries is regulated by smooth muscle fibers called the

pericapillary sphincter

🗑

chemoreceptors that are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels are found in the carotid and __ bodies

aortic

🗑

veins that lose their elasticity and become stretched and flabby are called __ veins

varicose

🗑

when hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is higher than osmotic pressure, __ occurs

filtration

🗑

as blood flows from the heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries, its velocity

decreases

🗑

the alternate expansion and recoiling of an artery with each contraction of the left ventricle is called

pulse

🗑

the instrument used to measure blood pressure is called

sphygmomanometer

🗑

sweating during shock is due to __ stimulation

sympathetic

🗑

the section between the diaphragm and the common iliac arteries is referred to as the

abdominal aorta

🗑

the blood vessel emerging from the right ventricle is the

pulmonary trunk

🗑

a small artery is called a(n)

arteriole

🗑

blood flow from the left ventricle to the right atrium is the __ circulation

systemic

🗑

the abdominal aorta branches into the

common iliac arteries

🗑

the cerebral circulation is a subdivision of the __ circulation

systemic

🗑

all veins of the systemic circulation flow into either the superior or inferior vena cava or the

coronary sinus

🗑

the two pumps which help to return the blood to the heart are the skeletal muscle pump and the __ pump

respiratory

🗑

the hormone released by cells of the kidneys in response to decreased blood volume or flow is

renin

🗑

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