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A & P test

Question	Answer
The first motor neuron in an autonomic pathway is called	preganglionic neuron
The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth muscle is the	autonomic nervous system
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as the	thoracolumbar division
Sympathetic fibers	originate in the spinal cord
The ____ nervous system only contains all sensory neurons and all voluntary motor neurons	somatic
In the autonomic nervous system there are __ neurons between the CNS and the visceral effector	2
the preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system release	acethylcholine
Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS synapse with the	terminal ganglia
Sympathetic postgangionic neurons release	norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division is	norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter of the postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division is	acetylcholine
Impulses for one division of the ANS stimulates an organ's activity while the other division inhibits the organ's activity. This is called	dual innervation
The sympathetic division of the ANS	increases the activities of the heart
Somatic motor neurons	release acetylcholine
The autonomic nervous system	operates without conscious control
The portion of the nervous system regulating smooth muscle activity is the	autonomic nervous system
The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is regulated by the	hypothalamus
Responsible for skeletal muscle activity	somatic nervous system
The divisions of the autonomic nervous system are called	sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
The somatic and autonomic nervous system make up the __ nervous system	peripheral
A sympathetic response	a breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
The ganglia which lie on either side of the backbone are the	sympathetic trunk ganglia
Insulin secretion is promoted by the activity of the	parasympathetic nervous system
The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norepinephrine to intensify and prolong __effects	sympathetic
Acetylcholine is inactivated by	acetylcholinesterase
The acronym "SLUDD" deals with	paradoxical fear and parasympathetic tone
Excessive contraction of arterioles within the fingers and toes due to prolonged sympathetic stimulation can be	Raynaud's disease
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases	heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil size, and air pathway diameter
The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the eye is to	constrict the pupil
Mind body exercise refers to	tai chi, martial arts, Hatha yoga, internal directed focus
The most important thing in mind body exercise is	openness to physical and emotional sensaations
Autonomic literally means	self law
Homer's Syndrome is	caused by a loss of sympathetic control to one side
An abnormally large colon caused by improperly developed parasympathetic neurons is called a	megacolon
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system are the __ and __ divisions	sympathetic; parasympathetic
Autonomic fibers can also be called	visceral motor fibers
The sympathetic division is also called __ division	thoracolumbar
The celiac ganglion is a __ ganglion	sympathetic
The part of the nervous system that regulates smooth and cardiac muscle is the __ nervous system	autonomic
Cholinergic fibers, like the preganglionic fibers, release __	acetylcholine
The enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine is __	acetylcholinesterase
Synapses between autonomic neurons and their effectors are called __ junctions	neuroeffector
The dilation of bronchioles is due to __ activity	sympathetic
The somatic nervous system is under __ control	voluntary
The neurotransmitter is all preganglionic fibers is __	acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers is __	norepinephrine
The __ division of the ANS stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion	sympathetic
The __ division of the ANS inhibits digestion	sympathetic
All the axons of the ANS are __ fibers	motor
Organs that receive impulses from both divisions of the ANS have __	dual innervation
Synapses of visceral motor fibers occur in __	autonomic ganglia
Long preganglionic fibers belong to the __ division	parasympathetic
Parasympathetic impulses __ the rate of the heartbeat	decrease
During extreme stress the __ division dominates the __ division	sympathetic; parasympathetic
The division that conserves and restores the body's energy is the __ division	parasympathetic
The acronym helpful in remembering five responses that occur when parasympathetic tone rises is "__"	SLUDD
The autonomic nervous system does the following	regulates the size of the pupils, consists of two subdivisions, regulates visceral activities, and is an involuntary system
Autonomic ganglia includes	sympathetic trunk ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, and terminal ganglia
Control of the autonomic nervous system is done by the	cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, brain stem, and hypothalamus
Visceral effectors include	cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and grandular epithelium
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system	use acetylocholine as the first neurotransmitter
Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division	are myelinated, leave the spinal cord through the anterior root, synapse with many postganglionic cell bodies, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter
Sympathetic nervous system	has sympathetic trunk ganglia, speeds up the heart and respiratory rates, and uses epinephrine as a neurotransmitter
Fight-or-flight responses include	increase of heart rate, increase in blood pressure, dilation of the bronchioles, and decrease of digestive secretions
Effects of the parasympathetic division include	conserving and restoring of body energy, promoting digestion, and increase in bile secretion
The simplest sensory receptors are	free nerve endings
A decrease sensitivity that occurs when a stimulus is continuously applied to sensory receptors is called	adaptation
The group of somatic senses include	touch, temperature, and pressure receptors, and proprioceptors
Somatic sensations include	touch, pressure, temperature, and vibration
Mechanoreceptors include	hair root plexuses, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and organs of Ruffini
Touch receptors are classified as	mechanoreceptors
The sense that falls under the category of complex receptors	taste
True or False: The hypothalamus receives input from areas of the nervous system concerned with emotions	TRUE
T/F The autonomic nervous system innervates the skeletal muscles	FALSE - the somatic nervous system
T/F The parasympathetic division of the ANS originates in the brain and the spinal cord	TRUE
T/F The sympathetic division is involved with energy expenditure	TRUE
T/F Fear stimulates the parasympathetic division of the ANS	FALSE - sympathetic division
T/F The dilation of pupils is an autonomic response	TRUE
T/F All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic	TRUE
T/F Terminal ganglia are sympathetic ganglia	FALSE - parasympathetic
T/F Parasympathetic ganglia are near or within visceral effectors	TRUE
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation increases sweat secretion	FALSE - generally decreases, but really has no effect
T/F The parasympathetic nervous only originates from the cranial nerves	FALSE - AKA crainosacral - originates from both the cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments
T/F The parasympathetic nervous system has long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons	TRUE
T/F Because of its connection to "flight or fight," increased sympathetic stimulation is connected to stress responses	TRUE
T/F The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body or the "fight-or-flight" response	FALSE - sympathetic
T/F Pre- and postganglionic fibers are present in the somatic nervous system	FALSE - autonomic
T/F Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions have neurons leading to to the effectors which use two different neurotransmitters	FALSE - they all release acetylcholine and sympathetic post release norepinephrine
T/F The effects of adrenal medulla are linked to the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system	FALSE - sympathetic
T/F Horner's syndrome causes a megacolon	FALSE - just doesn't happen - Horners is a sympathetic and megacolon is a parasympathetic
T/F Learning relaxation and stress reduction skills can reduce the harmful effects of stress on the body	TRUE
T/F The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system relaxes the ciliary muscle of the eye to allow for far vision	TRUE
T/F Autonomic dysreflexia is related to spinal cord injury and the sympathetic nervous system	TRUE
T/F Instead of exercise to tone up muscle or hearts, some people use mind body exercise to tone up their parasympathetic nervous system	TRUE
Neurotransmitters of ANS	releases both acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Decreases heart rate	parasympathetic
Increase digestion	parasympathetic
Stimulates renin secretion	sympathetic
dilation of pupils	sympathetic
stimulates salivary gland secretion	parasympathetic
inhibits gastric gland secretion	sympathetic
increase respiratory rate	sympathetic
erection of hairs	sympathetic
promotes gastric gland secretion	parasympathetic
constricts pupils	parasympathetic
pressure receptors, which are located around joints, tendons, and muscles are	Pacinian corpuscles
the sensation of itch results from the stimulation of	free nerve endings
a kind of pain often experienced by people suffering a heart attack is called	referred pain
the sense of muscle activity is called	proprioception
muscle spindles are examples of	proprioceptors
olfactory receptors	adapt, have knob-shaped dendrites, located in the nasal cavity, and are stimulated by gaseous particles
areas of the brain involved in olfaction	temporal lobe, hypothalamus, and limbic system
taste receptors are called	gustatory receptors
the region that is most sensitive to bitter taste is the	back of the tounge
the cranial nerves involved in the gustatory pathway are the	facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
the immediate structure leading tears away from the lacrimal glands is/are the	lacrimal ducts
the bactericidal enzymes present in tears are	lysozyme
the "white" of the eye is called	sclera
the muscle responsible for the change of the shape of the lens is the	ciliary muscle
the __ belongs to the vascular tunic of the eye	iris
the layer that contains photoreceptors is the	retina
the area concerning the highest concentration of cones is the	central fovea
the clear jellylike substance behind the lens of the eye is the	vitreous humor
the bending of light that happens at the cornea and lens is	refraction
the inability to clearly see near objects is called	hypermetropia
the "canal of Schlemm" is another term for the	scleral venous sinus
the photopigment in rods is	rhodopsin
forms the optic nerve	ganglion cells
the external ear has	auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and ceruminous glands
the middle ear has	ossicles
the middle party of the bony labrynith is the	vestibule
located between the cochlear duct and the scala vestibuli is the	vestibular membrane
the center of the eardrum is connected to the	malleus
the receptors for hearing are located in the	cochlea
the senses for dynamic equilibrium are located in the	semicircular ducts
the abnormally high intraocular pressure is referred to as	glaucoma
the most common cause of blindness in the United States is	glaucoma
"pinkeye" is the common term for	conjunctivitis
if you enter a room and smell a strong odor, which seems to soon fade away, you have experienced	sensory adaptation
when you sniff to help you detect or identify odors, you are	forcing air to the top of the nasal cavity where the chemoreceptors are located
the sense of balance that tell you "where your head is at" when you are not moving is called __ equilibrium and is a function of the __ in the inner ear	static & utricle and saccule
the function of the extrinsic eye muscles	are to roll eyes after taking a particularly awful test
abnormal in someone who is unable to see in low light (night blind)	rods
the ossicles of the ear are responsible for	sound conduction and amplification
accommodation involves change the shape of the	lens
changes vibrations to nerve impulses	cochlea and Organ of Corti
referred pain occurs because of	shared pathways between visceral organs and body surfaces
Uses mechanoreceptors	hearing, touch, pressure, and proprioceptors
pain that persist for at least two months without responding to appropriate treatment is	chronic pain
relaxation and meditation are used to control pain because	it distracts the patient, decreases anxiety, persons gain a sense of personal control, and certain thoughts and situations can reduce pain
a ringing in the ears is scientifically referred to as	tinnitus
the greatest single cause of blindness in the world is	trachoma
T/F Muscle spindles are found at the junction of a tendon with a muscle	FALSE - in the length of the muscle
T/F Equilibrium is classified as a special sense	TRUE
T/F Tactile receptor consist of the axons of sensory neurons	FALSE - free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors
T/F Type I touch are very quick to adapt to a touch sensation	FALSE - slow to adapt
T/F Themoreceptors are free nerve endings	TRUE
T/F Pain is essential because it protects us from greater damage	TRUE
T/F The highest concentration of taste buds is found in filiform papillae	FALSE - filiform papillae has no tastebuds
T/F The adult eyeball measures about 3.5 cm in diameter	FALSE - 2.5 cm
T/F The middle layer of the eyeball is the vascular tunic	TRUE
T/F Cones are specialized for color vision	TRUE
T/F Night blindness is most often caused by a vitamin C deficiency	FALSE - vitamin A
T/F Some fibers of the optic nerve cross in the optic tract	FALSE - optic chiasm
T/F The middle ear is a small air-filled cavity between the eardrum and the internal ear	TRUE
T/F The walls of the utricle contain a small, flat region called macula	TRUE
T/F Almost any excessive sensation such as loud noise, can cause the sensation of pain.	TRUE
T/F Sensation of senses actually occurs in the brain. In other words, perception occurs when the brain interprets what the electrical impulse from the receptor is trying to tell it	TRUE
T/F Sound is conducted through air, bone and fluid before it is changed to electrical impulses in the inner ear.	TRUE
T/F The middle tunic of the eye consists of the choroids coat, cornea, lens and ciliary body	FALSE - does not have the cornea which is located in the fibrous tunic
T/F When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens flattens for far vision	FALSE - muscle relaxes
T/F The muscles of the iris and ciliary muscle are considered to be extrinsic eye muscles because they are voluntary	FALSE - intrinsic
T/F People with chronic pain tend to avoid movement and exercise	TRUE
T/F Pain is now considered to have both a physical and psychological factors	TRUE
T/F A loss of transparency of the lens is known as cataracts	TRUE
T/F A total lack of the sense of smell is called anosmia	TRUE
T/F Conduction deafness is caused by damage to chochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve	FALSE - sensorineural
a __ must convert a stimulus to an electrical signal	sensory receptor
the small area of the retina, which does not contain photoreceptors but the optic nerve, is the	optic disc
receptors that detect pressure or stretching are collectively called	mechanoreceptors
the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal conditions of the body is a(n)	sensation
conscious sensations are integrated in the	cerebral cortex
the ability to recognize which point of the body is touched is referred to as a	tactile sensation
receptors for pain are called	nociceptors
receptors for taste are called __ receptors.	gustatory
the __ gland produces tears	lacrimal
the colored portion of the eyeball is the	iris
a loss of transparency of the lens is known as	cataract
the ability of the lens to change its curvature is called	accommodation
images that focus upside down on the retina are called __ images	inverted
the receptors for color vision and bright light are	conese
glands produce earwax	ceruminous
the bony labyrinth contains fluid called the	perilymph
the organ of hearing is the	Organ of Corti (spiral organ)
the balance and posture of the body without movement of the head is called	static equilibrium
an inflammation of the conjunctiva is called	conjunctivitis
the opening of a taste bud is the	taste pore
the hole in the center of the iris is the	pupil
the pressure in the eye that is mainly produced by the aqueous humor is the	intraocular pressure
the thin membrane between the external auditory canal and the ossicles is the	tympanic membrane
the greater the frequency of sound the higher the	pitch
a type of receptor that provides information about the mechanical energy is called a(n)	mechanoreceptor
acute bacterial infection of the middle ear	otitis media
disorder brought on by motion	motion sickness
inflammation of the eyelid	blepharitis
inflammation of the auditory tube	eustachitis
inflammation of the inner ear	labyrinthitis
rapid involuntary movement of the eyeballs	mystagmus
dilated pupil	mydriasis
ringing in the ears	tinnitus
change in the environment capable of activating sensory neurons	stimulus
receptors of pain	nociceptors
pain in the skin overlying the stimulated organ	referred pain
lining of the eyelid	conjunctiva
responsible for night vision	rods
responsible for dynamic equilibrium	semicircular ducts
corpuscles of touch	Meissner's corpuscles
help induce inflammation	prostaglandins
controls general body growth and metabolism	hGH
stimulates the adrenal cortex	ACTH
stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles	FSH
initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands	prolactin
decreases urine volume	ADH
contains iodine	thyroid hormone
are anti-inflammatory compounds	glucocorticoids
secreted by alpha cells	glucagon
secreted by the pineal gland	melatonin
the adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal medulla and the	adrenal cortex
thyroid hormones regulate growth and development, the activity of the nervous system, and	metabolism
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are produced in cells of the	hypothalamus
hormones that influence other endocrine glands are called __ hormones	tropic
enlarged thyroid gland is called	goiter
oversecretion of hGH during childhood results in	giantism
the conversion of glucose into glycogen is accelerated by	insulin
the endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called	Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets)
mineralcorticoids are produced in the	adrenal cortex
the two principal hormones of the adrenal medulla are __ and __	epinephrine and norepinephrine
the class of adrenal cortex hormones that deals with metabolism and resistance to stress are	glucocorticoids
The __ glands are found in the thyroid gland	parathyroid
he inhibition of bone breakdown is the function of	calcitonin
the receptors in the hypothalamus that detect low water concentration in the blood are	osmoreceptors
the release of milk by the mammary glands depends on the hormone	ocytocin
the formation of corpus luteum is stimulated by	luteinizing hormone (LH)
the production and secretion of thyroid hormone is stimulated by	thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
hormones that can enter the plasma membrane without a receptor are __ hormones	lipid-soluble
calcitriol is a hormone of the	kidneys
the production of oocytes by the ovaries is stimulated by	follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
the hypothalamus controls the activity of the anterior pituitary by way of	releasing and inhibiting hormones
hormones pass from secretory cells into the __ fluid and then into the blood and are called circulating hormones	interstitial
the endocrine system releases messenger molecules called	hormones
the science concerned with the endocrine system is called	endocrinology
T/F Benign tumors of the adrenal medulla are called pheochromocytomas	TRUE
T/F Ovaries decrease in size with age and are less responsive to gonadotropins which causes a decrease in estrogen leading to increased susceptibility to osteoporosis.	TRUE
T/F The pancreas releases insulin more quickly as a person ages and so blood glucose levels rise more slowly in the elderly	FALSE - releases more slowly; blood glucose levels rise faster
T/F If the resistance stage of the stress response fails to combat the stressor exhaustion may ensue	TRUE
T/F The thymus gland is largest in infancy and is replaced by adipose and connective tissue and the person ages	TRUE
T/F Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called a stressor	TRUE
T/F Steroid hormones act by binding to a protein receptor on the cell membrane of their target cell	FALSE - water-soluble hormones
T/F A player in the NBA would benefit from an injection of GH	FALSE - they have too much hGH; short person needs hGH
T/F The hypothalamus controls secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland by nervous impulses	FALSE - by neurosecretory cells
T/F Androgens are hormones secreted by the male endocrine system only	FALSE - in both males and females
T/F The renin-angiotensin pathway is involved in the control of aldosterone secretion	TRUE
T/F Calcitonin is a hormone of the parathyroid gland	FALSE - produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
T/F Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion resulting in an increased urine output	TRUE
T/F Vasopressin is another name for antidiuretic hormone	TRUE
T/F FSH stimulates the testis to produce testosterone	FALSE - LH; FSH is sperm production
T/F Hormones of the hypothalamus control the release of human growth hormone from the anterior pituitary	TRUE
T/F Prolactin is a hormone involved in the initiation of milk production in the mammary glands	TRUE
T/F Some glands produce hormones in response to a signal from the autonomic nervous system	TRUE
T/F Cells of the posterior pituitary produce vasopressin	FALSE - posterior pituitary only stores and releases
T/F Hormone secretion is primarily regulated by negative feedback mechanisms	TRUE
T/F Most peptide and protein hormones diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer to get into a target cell	FALSE - peptide and protein hormones are water-soluble which attaches to receptors on the cell membrane
T/F Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol	TRUE
T/F Hormones do not regulate the activity of the immune system	FALSE - regulates some immune system activities
T/F The nervous system and the endocrine system regulate homeostasis	TRUE
a cluster of disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and abdominal fat is called:	metabolic syndrome
abdominal fat is riskier that other adipose tissue because:	fat cells in abdominal regions are more metabolically active and responsive to hormones
condition in which insulin receptors do not respond to properly to insulin is called:	insulin resistance
as we age the following occurs	some endocrine glands shrink, production of human growth hormone decreases, muscles atrophy, and body fat increases
the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullae all initiate __ in response to stress:	fight or flight response
under normal circumstances, individuals do not produce too much thyroxine because	it is under negative feedback control
an adult who over secretes GH doesn’t get taller. Why not?	epiphyseal plates are closed in adults
insulin is secreted by the pancreas after a meal in order to	decrease the concentration of blood glucose
glucagon is produced in the __ cells of the __	alpha, pancreas
which hormone stimulates cells to grow and divide?	growth hormone
the activities of the adrenal cortex are controlled by	ACTH
hormone secretion is controlled by	nerve impulses, circulating chemicals, releasing hormones, and inhibiting hormones
cells that respond to a particular hormone are called	target cells
a decline in the number of pancreatic beta cells is characteristic for	type I diabetes
Cushing's syndrome is due to an oversecretion of	glucocorticoids
insufficient ADH release causes	diabetes insipidus
oversecretion of hGH during childhood is called	giantism
the second stage of the stress response is	the resistance reaction
prostaglandins	act as local hormones, help induce inflammation, and are important in fat metabolism
melatonin is a hormone of the	pineal gland
FSH secretion is inhibited by	inhibin
the development and maintenance of the female sex characteristics is the responsibility of	progesterone and estrogen
glucagon	accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose
insulin is secreted by	beta cells
the gland which can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland is the	pancreas
hormones responsible for the fight-or-flight response	epinephrine and norepinephrine
the endocrine gland that is directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system	adrenal medulla
glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the	adrenal gland
mineralcorticoids	are produced in the adrenal cortex, steroid hormones, and help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium
the hormone that inhibits the action of osteoclasts is	calcitonin
the hormone released in response to low blood calcium levels is	parathyroid hormone
Cells that produces thyroxine	follicular cells
calcitonin is a hormone of the	thyroid gland
the hormone that controls the production and release of glucocorticoids	ACTH
the hormone which is released in large quantities just before childbirth is	oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the	hypothalamus
the hormones that neurosecretory cells produce	antidiuretic hormone
the hormones released in response to releasing hormones	thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin
insulinlike growth factor is released in response to	human growth hormone (hGH)
hormones that are released in response to hypoglycemia	GH
hormone which effects skin pigmentation is	MSH
hormones of the anterior pituitary	hGH, FSH, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormones is released in response to a nerve impulse	epinephrine
hormones that stimulates testosterone production by the testis	LH
pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the	infundibulum
hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is	oxytocin
hormones regulating blood calcium levels are	PTH and calcitonin
hormones that bind to receptors within the target cells are	lipid soluble
second messenger in the action of many water-soluble hormones such as peptides is	cAMP
organs that contain hormone producing cells	stomach, liver, and skin
endocrine glands include	adrenal, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary
systems that work closely with the endocrine system to coordinate the body’s functions	nervous system
contain hemoglobin	erythrocytes
release lysozyme	neutrophils
produce antibodies	lymphocytes
become wandering macrophages	monocytes
release histaminase	eosinophils
present in high numbers during parasitic infection	eosinophils
known as mast cells	basophils
caused by inadequate absorption or excessive loss of iron	Iron-deficiency anemia
due to an insufficient production of erythrocytes	Pernicious anemia
an excessive loss of erythrocytes through bleeding	Hemolytic anemia
characterized by distortion in the shape of erythrocytes	Hemolytic anemia
a result of the destruction or inhibition of red bond marrow	Aplastic anemia
due to the production of abnormal hemoglobin	Sickle-cell anemia
T/F Regular physical activity decreases plasma volume thus increasing clotting abilities when injured	FALSE - increases volume
collective erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are called the __ elements of blood	formed
the branch of science concerned with the study of blood is called	hematology
the three functions of blood are transportation, regulation, and	protection
blood belongs to __ tissue	connective
another name for globulins is	antibodies
the process of blood cell formation is called	hemopoiesis
the pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells is	hemoglobin
the protein portion of hemoglobin is	globin
erythrocyte formation is called	erythropoisis
surface proteins on nucleated cells that can be used to identify tissues for transplantation are	major histocompatibility antigens
the function of platelets is	blood clotting
when platelets accumulate and attach to each other they form a mass called the	platelet plug
breaking of blood clot is called	fibrinolysis
the surface of red blood cells contains antigens called	antigens or agglutinogens
individuals with type A blood have __ antibodies in the plasma	B
the Rh system of blood classification was first discovered in the blood of the	Rhesus monkey
the hemolysis caused by fetal-maternal incompatibility is called	erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn
a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood is reduced is called	anemia
bleeding, either internal or external is referred to as	hemorrhage
septicemia is the medical term for	blood poisoning
the release of hemoglobin into the blood as a result of red blood cell rupture is called	hemolysis
during blood clotting prothrombin is converted into the enzyme	thrombin
plasma minus the clotting proteins is called	serum
functions of the blood	transportation, regulation, and protection
the blood volume of an averaged sized male is	5 to 6 liters
the pH range for blood is	7.35 – 7.45
the thin layer of white blood cells in centrifuged blood is called	buffy coat
most of the plasma proteins are	albumins
belongs to agranular leukocytes	monocyte
cells that do NOT have a nucleus	erythrocytes
the life span of red blood cells is	120 days
the pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen is	hemoglobin
worn-out red blood cells are phagocytized in the	liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
components of hemoglobin that can be reused by other cells for protein synthesis	globin
cellular oxygen deficiency is called	hypoxia
the first phagocytotic cells at the site of a bacterial invasion are	neutrophils
an allergic condition or a parasite infection is often manifested in a high count of	eosinophils
blood cells that can develop into "wandering macrophages	monocytes
an increase in the number of white blood cells is called	leukocytosis
abnormally low levels of white blood cells which may be caused by radiation is called	leukopenia
how many platelets should appear in each μL of blood	150,000-400,000
the sequences that describes the steps in the formation of a platelet plug	platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation
the process of clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called	thrombosis
stoppage of bleeding is called	homeostasis
the threads of a blood clot are formed by	fibrin
involved in blood clotting	thrombin, calcium, fibrin, and prothrombinase
heredity deficiencies of coagulation is referred to as	hemophilia
the enzyme responsible for breaking up a blood clot is	plasmin
the anticoagulant produced by mast cells is	heparin
a blood clot transported by the blood stream is a(n)	embolus
a person with blood type A has	A antigens on the red blood cells
an individual with which ABO blood type can theoretically donate blood to recipients of all ABO types	type O
the damage to red blood cells due to incompatible blood transfusion is called	hemolysis
small inappropriate blood clots inside of a blood vessel are dissolved in a process called	fibrinolysis
insufficient production of erythrocytes due to lack of vitamin B12 is the cause for	pericious anemia
the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule is	heme
the hormone released by the kidney and is stimulating RBC production is	erythropoietin
the ion, which is essential in the blood-clotting mechanism, is	calcium
the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood is called the	hematocrit
anemia may be caused by	bleeding, lack of sufficient nutrients in the diet, and breakdown of RBC’s prematurely
contains hemoglobin	erythrocytes
Dracula has the B agglutinin but not the A antigen, what blood type does he have	O
any decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity whether caused by nutrition, bleeding or high altitude is called	anemia
the most abundant blood cell in the body is the	erythrocytes
an abnormal increase in the number of red cells is called	polycemia
Sickle Cell Disease is	an abnormal hemoglobin causing the RBC to bend
induced polycythemia is	done by athletes to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, achieved by injecting Epoetin alfa, dangerous and increases blood pressure, and a cause of death from heart attacks or strokes
bone marrow transplants can be used to treat	aplastic anemia – caused by abnormal RBM, Hodgkin’s disease, thalassemia, and sickle cell disesase
the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is named because	damaged tissues release a protein into the blood from outside the blood vessels
T/F All blood cells originate from pluripotent stem cells	TRUE
T/F The kidney excretes bilirubin	FALSE – the liver
T/F Neonatal anemia disappears as the kidney matures	TRUE
T/F Leukocytes can be divided into three major groups	FALSE – two major groups: granular or agranular
T/F Lymphocytes are the largest leukocytes	FALSE - monocyte
T/F Monocytes that migrate to infected tissues are called wandering macrophages	TRUE
T/F Inflammation causes an increase in the hematocrit	FALSE – white blood cells
T/F Neutrophils are granulocytes	TRUE
T/F Plasma proteins are confined to blood	TRUE
T/F The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is more complex than the intrinsic pathway	FALSE – the intrinsic is more complex
T/F The breaking up of a blood clot is called clot retraction	FALSE – fibrinolysis
T/F Blood clotting always results in the formation of embolus	FALSE – can be thromosis
T/F Heparin is produced by mast cells	TRUE
T/F A blood clot that is transported by the blood stream is called a thrombus	FALSE - embolus
T/F Agglutinins are also called antibodies	TRUE
T/F Cyanosis is caused by too many leukocytes in the blood	FALSE – prolonged hypoxia – deficiency of oxygen
T/F The production of red blood cells is closely linked to the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. If this is low, the red bone marrow makes a hormone called erythroheparin to increase the number of RBC’s	FALSE – oxygen carrying capacity
T/F Pluripotentent stem cells are special cells in the red bone marrow, which have the potential to become any of the seven formed elements	TRUE
T/F Being type AB means you either have the A or B antigens but not both	FALSE – AB will have both
T/F Plasma constitutes about 55% on the blood volume	TRUE
T/F Mature erythrocytes can reproduce	FALSE – cannot reproduce b/c of lack of nucleus
T/F In a bone marrow transport it is necessary to inject the new bone marrow into the bone	FALSE – injected into the vein like blood
T/F At low doses, aspirin enhances vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation	FALSE - inhibits
T/F In practice, the use of the terms universal recipient and universal donor in blood typing is misleading and dangerous	TRUE
T/F Smoking increases blood fibrinogen levels which leads to an increased clotting risk	TRUE
the outer portion of the pericardium is the	fibrous pericardium
the layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium is called	endocardium
cardiac muscle fibers are connected with each other by	intercalated discs
the portion of the heart that consists of cardiac muscle tissue is the	myocardium
portion of the heart has the thickest myocardium	left ventricle
blood transported by the pulmonary veins returns to the	left atrium
the muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right wall because it	pumps the blood to the entire body
the left ventricle pumps the blood into the	ascending aorta
blood vessel that delivers blood to the right atrium	vena cava
the blood vessel that carries blood highest in oxygen is the	pulmonary vein
the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is the	bicuspid valve
the valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the	aortic semilunar valve
the blood vessel that collects deoxygenated blood of the coronary circulation and empties into the right atrium is the	coronary sinus
death of an area of cardiac tissue due to an interrupted blood supply is called	myocardial infarction
the blood supply to the myocardial wall of the heart is supplied by the	coronary arteries
the normal pacemaker of the heart is/are the	sinoatrial node
the sequence of structures in the cardiac conduction system	SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
the P wave of an ECG indicates	atrial depolarization
atrial repolarization	cannot be seen on the ECG because occurs during the ventricular repolarization
the correct order of ECG waves	P, QRS, T
at rest each cardiac cycle lasts approximately __ seconds	0.8
the remaining 25% of the blood that fills the ventricles after the relaxation period occurs during	atrial systole
closing of the AV valves produces the	the first heart sound (lubb)
heart murmurs are usually the result of defective	valves
the cardiac output is	the milliliters of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle
the cardiovascular center is located in the	medulla oblongata
causes an increase in the rate of the heartbeat	norepinephrine
changes in the blood pressure are detected by	baroreceptors
impulses carried by means of the vagus nerve are	parasympathetic impulses that decrease the heart rate
the average heartbeat of a healthy human is	75 beats per minute
the study of the heart and diseases associated with it is known as	cardiology
the bulk of the heart consists of	myocardium
the two upper chambers of the heart are separated from each other by the	interatrial septum
risk factor(s) for the development of heart disease includes	high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and genetic predisposition
the valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the	tricuspid valve
when blood moves from an atrium to a ventricle	the valve is pushed open, the papillary muscles relax, and the corordae tendinae slacken
parasympathetic neurons reach the heart via the __ cranial nerve	X
a fluttering of the heart is called	palpitation
blood from which three vessels enters the right atrium	the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus
atherosclerosis is a condition in which	fatty deposits called plaques partially block the arteries
why is the right ventricle wall thinner than the left ventricle?	the left ventricle has to pump blood further and if the right pumped as hard as the left, the lungs would burst
regulates stroke volume	degree of stretch in the heart, Starling’s law, force of contraction, and pressure required and the opening of the valves
pulmonary edema results from	congestive heart failure
the increase in blood pressure during exercise could	cause unstable plaque in a blood vessel to rupture triggering the clotting process
during strenuous exercise, a well trained athelete can achieve a cardiac output __ that of a sedentary person	double
fluid compressing the heart causes a life threatening condition called	cardiac tamponade
CAD stands for	coronary artery disease
the “good” chemical that takes cholesterol to the liver for elimination is	low density lipoproteins
T/F All arteries contain oxygenated blood, and all veins contain non-oxygenated blood	FALSE – both carry oxygenated and deoxygenated depending on the original source
T/F Atrioventricular valves are held closed by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles	TRUE
T/F The heart valves prevent the backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle	TRUE
T/F The autonomic nervous system initiates the contraction of the heart	FALSE – the SA node
T/F Malfunctioning heart valves is called myocardial infarction	FALSE – heart attack
T/F Blood flow through the heart is caused by changes in the size of the chambers	TRUE
T/F The atria receive the blood returning to the heart	TRUE
T/F Acetylcholine released by the parasympathetic fibers increases the rate of the heartbeat	FALSE – decreases the heart rate
T/F Elevated levels of potassium decrease the heart rate and strength of the contraction	TRUE
T/F The rate of the heartbeat stays constant throughout life	FALSE – changes due to age, physical fitness, body temperature, or diet
T/F Exercise increases cardiac efficiency and output	TRUE
T/F pericardium 3 layers: outer layer parietal pericardium forms inelastic pericardial cavity around; middle is visceral pericardium; inner layer is either fibrous pericardium if reference pericardial coverings or epicardium if reference layers	FALSE – pericardium is 2 parts; fibrous is outside then serous which has the parietal and inner visceral layer (epicardium)
T/F Oxygen is sent to the myocardium first through the cardiac arteries	FALSE – sent to left atrium via pulmonary veins
T/F In general, heart attack risk is low for those who exercise regularly and higher for those who do not	TRUE
T/F Any irregular heart rhythm is an arrhythmia	TRUE
T/F Ischemia, hypoxia, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction all result from a lack of oxygen to the heart tissue	TRUE
T/F There is evidence from heart transplants that there is replacement of heart cells	TRUE
T/F Overall, the incidence of death during physical activity is relatively high	FALSE - low
T/F The beginning of an atherosclerotic plaque is a fatty streak formed from magrophages eating LDL particles and T cells	TRUE
T/F Silent myocardial ischemia is a reduced blood flow to the heart tissue without any pain or forewarning	TRUE
T/F Valvular stenosis is a combination of 4 defects including the aorta emerging from both ventricules	FALSE – tetralogy of fallot
the inner visceral layer of the pericardium is also called the	epicardium
the scientific study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it is	cardiology
the space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes is the	pericardial cavity
inflammation of the pericardium is called	pericarditis
the thickenings of the sarcolemma that connect the cardiac muscle fibers are	intercalated discs
the backflow of blood through an incompletely closed valve is called	regurgitation
the pouchlike structure on the anterior surface of each atrium is called	auricle
the right ventricle pumps blood into the	pulmonary trunk
the coronary arteries originate as branches of the	ascending aorta
the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the __ valve	tricuspid
the large vein in the back of the heart collecting deoxygenated blood is the	coronary sinus
the structure that picks up an action potential from the SA node is/are the	AV node
the medical term for heart attack is	myocardial infarction
a recording of the electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat is called a(n)	electrocardiogram
the spread of the action potential through the ventricles is recorded as the __ wave of an ECG	QRS
the specialized tissue capable of conducting action potentials and allowing the heart to beat without direct stimulus from the nervous system is the	conduction system
contraction of the heart muscle is referred to as	systole
heart sounds are produced by the __ of the AV valves and the semilunar valves	closing
the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during each contraction is called the	stroke volume
the __ law of the heart explains the relationship between the stretching of the ventricular wall and the contraction strength	Starling’s
a general term referring to an irregularity in the rhythm of the heart is	arrhythmia
a procedure that is used to visualize the coronary arteries, chambers, valves, and great vessels is	cardiac catheterization
the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic fibers that increase the rate of the heartbeat is	norepinephrine
an incomplete closure of the interventricular septum causes	interventricular septal defect
a defect that exists at birth, and usually before, is called a(n)	congenital defect
the pacemaker of the heart	SA node
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle	tricuspid valve
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle	bicuspid valve
emerge from the bundle branches	Purkinje fibers
consists of cardiac muscle tissue	myocardium
the external layer of the heart wall	epicardium
contraction of the heart chambers	systole
relaxation of the heart chambers	diastole
blood vessel associated with the left ventricle	aorta
blood vessel associated with the right ventricle	pulmonary trunk
refers to rapid heart rate	tachycardia
indicates a slow heart rate	bradycardia
low blood pressure	hypotension
high blood pressure	hypertension
inflammation of an artery	arteritis
inflammation of a vein	phlebitis
inflammation of a vein with clot formation	thrombophlebitis
the obstruction of a blood vessel lumen	occlusion
a temporary cessation of consciousness	syncope
the smallest type of blood vessels are	capillaries
the endothelium consists of	simple squamous epithelium
the two main methods of capillary exchange are	diffusion and bulk flow
exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue is the function of the	capillaries
venous return is due to	contraction of the heart, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump
blood vessels that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane are capillaries
venules	are small veins, collect blood from capillaries, drain into veins, and are similar in structure to arterioles
blood vessels that are referred to as blood reservoirs	veins
blood pressure is highest in the	arteries
resistance is related to	blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and blood vessel radius
involved in the regulation of blood pressure	baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and carotid bodies
atrial natriuretic peptide	is released by cells of the heart and lowers blood pressure
a symptom of shock	increased levels of aldosterone, rapid, resting heart rate, cool, pale skin, and sweating
increase(s) blood pressure	increased cardiac rate, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, and increased water retention
peripheral resistance	increases as blood viscosity increases
the cardiovascular center is located in the	medulla oblongata
sympathetic stimulation results in	increase in blood pressure
baroreceptors are located in the	aorta and internal carotid arteries
neurons that monitor carbon dioxide levels in the blood and are located in the carotid and aortic bodies are	chemoreceptors
hormones that influences blood pressure	ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and renin
hormones that cause an increase in blood pressure	epinephrine, norepinephrine, rennin, and ADH
blood vessels that would have the greatest resistance to blood flow	a long, small diameter blood vessel
the movement of blood from the abdominal veins into the thoracic veins is mostly due to	pressure difference between the abdominal and thoracic cavity
blood vessels are commonly used to feel the pulse	radial artery, brachial artery, popliteal artery, and common carotid artery
the pulse is a direct reflection of the	heart rate
the diastolic blood pressure	provides information about the resistance of blood vessels
describes the pulmonary circulation	right ventricle to left atrium
the blood vessel(s) containing blood with the highest oxygen contents is/are the	pulmonary veins
all systemic blood vessels branch from the	aorta
the circulatory route which bring blood to the tissues and back to the heart is the	systemic circulation
the common carotid is part of the	cerebral circulation
the blood rich in substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is carried by the	hepatic circulation
changes in the cardiovascular system related to the aging process	reduced cardiac output, increased systolic blood pressure, and decreased maximum heart rate
the fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation because of two organ systems that are non-functional. These organ systems are the	respiratory and digestive systems
arteries that directly branches from the abdominal aorta	common iliac, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, and renal
the direct continuation of the brachial artery is the __ artery	radial
the main vein draining blood from the heart tissue is the	coronary sinus
the external jugular veins empty into the	subclavian veins
the formation of new blood vessels is referred to as	angiogenesis
where is blood flow the slowest	veins
arteries vs. veins	arteries are stronger, smaller in diameter, most do not have valves, and have higher blood pressure
blood flow through a particular tissue area is controlled by	constriction of the precapillary sphincter of the arterioles
blood is mainly moved through the veins	by changes in local muscle tissue and thoracic pressure
the sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the superior and inferior vena cavae to the lungs	right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk
gases and nutrients leave the blood at the	arteriole end of the capillaries
blood flow from the heart to the lungs is called	the pulmonary circuit
atherosclerosis is a condition in which	the arteries are “hardened” by deposits within the wall
atherosclerosis has	stable plaque has a low lipid content, stable plaque doesn’t grow much, unstable plaque is more likely to rupture than stable plaque, and unstable plaque often contains a large number of macrophages
more common in the elderly	CAD, CHF, atherosclerosis, and decreased blood flow to the brain
chronically high blood pressure is called	hypertension
will help prevent hypertension or lower blood pressure	don’t smoke, reduce intake of sodium, exercise, and reduce or manage stress
a thin weakened section of an artery or vein that bulges out is called a(n)	aneurysm
T/F Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction	TRUE
T/F All veins carry blood low in oxygen	FALSE – pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
T/F Leaky valves cause varicose veins	TRUE
T/F Blood flow refers to the amount of blood that passes through a blood vessel in a given period of time	TRUE
T/F Blood always flows from regions of lower blood concentration to regions of higher blood concentration	FALSE - high to low
T/F Epinephrine has no effect on blood pressure	FALSE – increases blood pressure
T/F Vascular resistance refers to the resistance to blood flow in the peripheral circulation	TRUE
T/F Blood volume only occasionally changes blood pressure	FALSE - always
T/F The vasomotor center is located in the hypothalamus	FALSE – in the medulla oblongata
T/F Parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve causes a decrease in heart rate	TRUE
T/F Exercise can cause an increase in blood pressure	TRUE
T/F Muscle tissue is not dependent on autoregulation of blood flow	FALSE – are dependent
T/F Velocity of blood flow depends on the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel	TRUE
T/F Skeletal muscle contractions help to return venous blood	TRUE
T/F Bradycardia indicates a rapid heart rate	FALSE – slow
T/F Arteries and veins have several layers including 2 layers of connective tissue, layer of smooth muscle and smooth endothelium lining for efficient blood flow and to prevent clotting. The muscle lining is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins	TRUE
T/F There isn’t enough blood to go around to all the tissues so the diameter of the arteries and arterioles as well as the constriction of the precapillary sphincters helps determine where blood should go	TRUE
T/F Heart rate is regulated by the cardiac center in the hypothalamus and chemoreceptors that detect oxygen levels in the blood	FALSE – cardiac center in the medulla oblongata
T/F The major factor that moves blood through the body is pressure differences in the blood vessels between when it leaves the heart and as it returns	TRUE
T/F Systolic pressure is the higher number because it is the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is lower but it is a constant pressure, because the ventricles are relaxed	TRUE
T/F Recently, researchers have discovered that it is impossible to reverse the plaque damage of atherosclerosis	FALSE – possible
T/F Regular exercise and stress management can help decrease the plaque buildup associated with atherosclerosis	TRUE
T/F Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of heart disease and death in older Americans	TRUE
T/F Under the new guidelines, the prehypertension classification now contains individuals that would previously have been considered normal. This means the systolic and diastolic readings for this category are lower than in the past	TRUE
T/F Orthostatic hypotension is a large decrease in blood pressure caused by a person standing up	TRUE
arterioles within a tissue or organ branch into countless microscopic vessels called	capillaries
the movement of water and solutes out of capillaries into the interstitial fluid is called	filtration
the movement of water and solutes from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries is called	reabsorption
an increase in the size of a blood vessel lumen is referred to as	vasodilatation
the blood flow in capillaries is regulated by smooth muscle fibers called the	pericapillary sphincter
chemoreceptors that are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels are found in the carotid and __ bodies	aortic
veins that lose their elasticity and become stretched and flabby are called __ veins	varicose
when hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is higher than osmotic pressure, __ occurs	filtration
as blood flows from the heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries, its velocity	decreases
the alternate expansion and recoiling of an artery with each contraction of the left ventricle is called	pulse
the instrument used to measure blood pressure is called	sphygmomanometer
sweating during shock is due to __ stimulation	sympathetic
the section between the diaphragm and the common iliac arteries is referred to as the	abdominal aorta
the blood vessel emerging from the right ventricle is the	pulmonary trunk
a small artery is called a(n)	arteriole
blood flow from the left ventricle to the right atrium is the __ circulation	systemic
the abdominal aorta branches into the	common iliac arteries
the cerebral circulation is a subdivision of the __ circulation	systemic
all veins of the systemic circulation flow into either the superior or inferior vena cava or the	coronary sinus
the two pumps which help to return the blood to the heart are the skeletal muscle pump and the __ pump	respiratory
the hormone released by cells of the kidneys in response to decreased blood volume or flow is	renin

Created by: bmcg2324

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