Soc Psych Exam 2
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| Snap Judgements | quick, automatic, and often unconscious evaluations or decisions that individuals make about others or situations based on limited information
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| Snap judgement example | meeting someone who is well dressed, confident, and makes eye contact, you might judge them as being competent and trustworthy
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| Thin slices | brief glimpses of people's behavior
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| What are two dimensions that people use when making snap judgements about others | trustworthiness, and dominance
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| If someone is asked to look at photos of several people and make a quick judgement about each of them, what type of face would they likely rate as strong and competent | a face with an angular, prominent chin
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| Covariation principle | the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behavior
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| Consensus | a type of covariation information: whether most people would behave the same way or differently in a given situation
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| What principle helps explain how individuals attribute the causes of others' behavior to either internal or external factors | covariation principle
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| Trait Self Esteem | a STABLE characteristic of an individual's overall evaluation of themselves
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| State Self esteem | the temporary FLUCTUATIONS in self esteem
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| Low Self-esteem individuals have | self-concept confusion
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| Self protected | looks for spaces they may fall in and avoid the space
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| Emotional Volattility | High Avoidant Behavior
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| Why do we care about self esteem | 1. feels good (links with sociometer theory)
2. provides instinct
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| Who came up with the Sociometer Theory | Leary
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| Sociometer Theory | assumes its stable but also movement
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| The gas gage | if your self esteem is high and within the right range then you're driving good but as soon as it's low you aren't yourself
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| The gas gage when self esteem is high and within the right range | you're driving well
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| The gas gage when self esteem is low | you aren't yourself
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| Who came up with the Contingencies of self worth | Crokeretal 1990s
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| Self enhancement | desire to maintain, increase, protect self esteem
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| Self affirmation theory | focuses on people's efforts to maintain self-worth when they are getting feedback that threaten their positive view of themself
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| Positive illusions | three kinds of interrelated positive illusions that can serve a variety of COGNITVE, AFFECTIVE, and SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
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| We tend to turn ___________ ______________ on and off | positive illusions
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| We _______________ positive qualities | overestimate
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| We __________________ negative qualities | underestimate
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| We tend to think that good things are going to happen | unrealistically optimistic
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| Example of ways we underestimate misfortunate things that can happen to us | sudden medical issues, laid off a job
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| Self deception strategies | mental tricks we use to help us believe things we want to believe
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| 5 strategies of self deception | 1. Skeptical of negative feedback but not positive feedback
2. Selective attention and memory
3. Good vs. Bad is relative
4. Positive traits are unusual and negative traits are common
5. Slippery definition of positive traits
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| Skeptical of negative feedback but not positive feedback | Ex. inquire a professor about bad grades but not with good grades
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| Selective attention and memory | remember good things better than we remember bad things
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| Good vs. Bad is relative | we selectively choose who we compare ourselves to
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| Ex. of Good vs. Bad is relative | comparing yourself to someone who makes less money than you
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| Positive traits are unusual example | hardly anyone can sing as good as I can
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| negative traits are common example | I can sing, not a lot of people can
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| Slippery definitions of positive traits | we have an ideal of who we are, so we morph that trait to perceive who we are
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| Example of slippery definitions of positive traits | Good traits in a good partner
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| Who came up with the consequences of self esteem pursuit | Crocker and Park
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| Consequences of self esteem are known as | EGOsystem motivation
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| 5 consequences of self esteem pursuit | 1. compromises pursuit of competence
2. compromises autonomy
3. Impairs learning and growth
4. Can damage relationships
5. Harmful to death
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| Compromises pursuit of competence | choose what is easy over what is difficult
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| Example of compromises pursuit of competence | choosing a class that is an easy A rather than enrolling in a more difficult class
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| Compromises autonomy | doing what someone else wants me to do rather than what I want to do
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| Example of compromises autonomy | choosing the major that my parents want rather than what I enjoy
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| Can damage relationships | may begin to see close others as competition
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| Harmful to death | may use unhealthy coping mechanisms to temporarily make myself feel better
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| Solution of consequences of self esteem pursuit | focus on others/fulfilling the needs of others
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| ECOsystem motivation | focus on others/fulfilling the needs of others
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| Self esteem is a part of ______ ______________ | self evaluation
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| Self verification | the idea that we strive for accurate views about the self
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| In self verification, we tend to interact with.... | others who verify who we are
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| What is a cognition focused process | self verification
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| Self monitoring | monitoring our behavior to fit the social situation
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| High self monitors | -read non verbal behavior
-concerned with acting appropriately rather than authenticity
-different friends for different activities (not many close friends)
-closeness/intimacy is difficult
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| Low self monitors | -authentic
-described as consistent
-tend to have fewer friends
-same friends, same activities
-more stable intimate relationships
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| Causal attribution | people's behavior is based on social context and the function of the person
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| Internal attribution: | someone behaves based on their character
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| External attribution: | something outside of the person is affecting their behavior
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| Who came up with the Covariation theory | Kelley, 1973
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| Covariation theory | behavior should be attributed to causes that occur with the behavior
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| Consensus | everyone else is doing similar things so behavior is driven by context
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| High consensus | external situation
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| Low consensus | internal behavior
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| Distinctiveness | is behavior is distinct/not distinct across situations
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| High distinctiveness | external situation
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| Low distinctiveness | internal behavior
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| High consistency | internal behavior
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| Low consistency | external situation
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| Counterfactual information | trying to imagine what could have been
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| What is this: you're on an airplane and the door pops open. You were originally supposed to be on a different flight | counterfactual information
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| We make _________ when establishing attributions | errors
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| Error types | -self serving bias
-fundamental attribution error
-actor observer effect
-self centered attribution bias
-defensive attributions
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| Self serving bias | when bad things happen, we make external attributiuons
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| Fundamental attribution error | failure to recognize the importance of situational factors on someone's behavior
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| What error is this: | teacher sees student consistently come late to class but can't see what may be causing it such as long commute or having a child
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| What error has cultural differences | fundamental attribution error
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| Actor observer effect | making external attributions for yourself and internal attributions for someone else
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| Self centered attribution bias | tendency to overestimate your contribution to group endeavors
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| Defensive attributions | tendency to make internal attributions when bad things happen to others (victim blaming)
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| Two general functions of social comparisions | 1. Understanding
2. Self Evaluation
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| Understanding: | to understand one's self in relation to others
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| Self evaluation: | to evaluate one's self in relation to others
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| Three types of social comparisions | 1. Temporal
2. Downward
3. Upward
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| Temporal | seeing where you are in comparison to others
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| Downward | leading to positive self enhancement
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| Upward | leading to self improvement
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| Emotional Amplification | An increase in an emotional reaction to an event that it proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening
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| Imagine a student receives a poor grade on an exam. Initially, they may feel disappointed or frustrated. However, as they dwell on the grade, replaying the exam in their mind and comparing their performance to that of their peers, their negative emotions | Emotional amplification
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| 5 Attributional Biases | 1. Self Serving Attributional bias
2. Fundamental attribution error
3. Actor observer difference
4. Self centered bias
5. Defensive attribution
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| Jack is crying at work. In order to make a dispositional attribution about Jack-that he has a tendency to cry easily-what covariance information must be selected? | Low consensus and low distinctiveness
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| Primary Effect | a type of order effect where the information presented FIRST in a body of evidence has a disproportionate influence on judgement
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| Recency effect | A type of order effect whereby the information presented LAST in a body of evidence has a disproportionate influence on judgment
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| Framing Effect | the influence on judgement resulting from the way information is presented, including the words used to describe the information or the order in which it is presented
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| Imagine you're conducting a job interview. The candidate, John, comes in and starts off the interview with a strong, confident introduction, highlighting his relevant experience and skills. As the interview progresses, John provides some additional inform | Primacy
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| Spin Framing | form of framing that varies the content, not just the order, of what is presented
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| Illegal immigrants = criminals or undocumented immigrants = people wanting a better life | spin framing
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| This treatment has a 70% success rate | positive frame
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| This treatment has a 30% failure rate | negative frame
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| Temporal | How the timing or temporal context of events or decisions influences people’s perceptions, judgments, and behaviors
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| "I'm feeling motivated right now, I'll start exercising today" | present focused framing
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| "I want to be healthier, so I'll start exercising next week" | future focused framing
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| “Your monthly membership will cost less than you spend on coffee each month!” | spin framing
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| "get beach ready" | positive framing
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| “Lock in a deal on next year’s gym membership now at the incredibly low price of….” | Temporal framing
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| What is correct about construal level theory? | events that are closer at hand are thought of in concrete detail
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| Antonio thinks that people driving in the city are more reckless than people driving in rural areas. If Antonio engages in confirmation bias, which of the following pieces of information will he be most likely to focus on? | number of reckless drivers in the city
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| What is correct about motivated confirmation bias | people will scrutinize information that does not support their beliefs
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| Bottom up processing | “Data-driven” mental processing, in which an individual forms conclusions based on stimuli encountered in the environment
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| Top down processing | “Theory driven” mental processing, in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations
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| Priming | The presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible. A prime is the STIMULUS presented to ACTIVATE the concept in question.
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| After seeing fast food TV commercials all day, a viewer may be more inclined to eat a hamburger than a salad | priming
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| Subliminal | This demonstrated that subtle exposure to certain stimuli (in this case, words related to old age) could influence behavior without participants being consciously aware of it.
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| Recent activation | One of the most common determinants of which schemas are activated. If a schema has been brought to mind recently, it tends to be more accessible and hence ready for use
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| if someone watches the news showing a racial group in a negative light, this recent exposure may activate those stereotypes in the viewer's mine | recent activation
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| Frequent activation | A schema that functions much like a recently activated one; its heightened accessibility increased the likelihood that it will be applied to understanding a new stimulus
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| What is correct about schemas | we can prime people to make a schema more accessible at a given moment
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| what is activated when you prime people with dollar signs | schemas-that encourage making money
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| What would lead to an increased likelihood of a schema being activated | if a schema is frequently used
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| Intuitive System | Operates quickly and automatically, is based on associations, and performs many of its operations simultaneously - in parallel
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| Rational System | slower and more controlled, based on rules and deduction, and performs its operations one at a time-serially
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| Heurisitics | intuitive mental operations, performed quickly and automatically, that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgement
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| Imagine you meet someone new at a party. Based on their appearance and behavior, you might quickly categorize them into a specific social group or stereotype. If the person fits the prototype of a "jock", you might assume they are more likely to be a coll | Heurisitc
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| Availability Heuristic | The process whereby judgments of frequency or probability are based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind
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| Which has more tornadoes, Kansas or Nebraska? ◦ Many would intuitively say Kansas because of how easy it is to think of an example from The Wizard of Oz, but the two states have about the same number of tornadoes. | availability heuristic
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| Is the availability heuristic biased or unbiased | biased assessment of risk
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| Joint projects | easier to think of examples of what we did to contribute
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| Fluency | the feeling of ease or difficulty associated with processing information
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| unfamiliar words are harder to process than simple words | fluency
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| the effects of fluency in information processing are similar to the effect of | mood
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| Suppose a company is trying to persuade consumers to buy a new product. They create an advertisement that presents information in a clear, easy-to-understand manner with simple language and appealing visuals. | fluency
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| Representative heurisitc | the process where judgements of likelihood are based on assessment of similarity between individuals and group prototypes, or between cause and effect
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| Imagine you meet someone named Alex for the first time. Alex is described as quiet, enjoys reading classic literature, and spends most weekends at home | representative heurisitic
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| Base rate | frequency or probability of an event occurring within a specific population
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| A strong sense of representativeness sometimes leads us to ignore base-rate likelihood | Tom W study
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| The representative heuristic also affects a person's assessment of | cause and effect
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| Imagine someone believes that wearing a particular item of clothing, such as a lucky hat, brings them good luck during exams. This belief arises because they've worn the hat during exams in the past and subsequently performed well. | representative heuristic-cause and effect
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| Illusory Correlation | the belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not
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| Study found that perceived connections between clinical diagnoses and the Draw-a-person Test may be | illusory
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| Expectation that people suffering paranoia would draw people with unusually large (or small) eyes in the Draw-a-Person Test | illusory correlation
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| someone might believe that individuals born under the sign of Leo are more likely to be confident and outgoing based on their personal observations. They might remember instances where confident individuals they knew happened to be Leos, reinforcing the p | illusory correlation
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| Anchoring and adjustment | a tendency to make judgements using a number or value as a starting point to which adjustments then are made
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| Imagine you're negotiating the price of a used car with a seller. The seller initially suggests a price of $15,000. This starting point, or anchor, influences your subsequent judgments about the car's value. Even if you know the true market value of the c | anchoring and adjustment
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