Bio Exam 1
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| Properties of Life | Order, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Adaptation, Growth, Homeostasis, and Energy Processing
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| AMMO | Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles
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| CTOOO | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms
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| PCEB | Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
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| Induction | small to large
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| Deduction | Large to small
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| Scientific inquiry for knowledge's sake | Basic science
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| Scientific inquiry to problem solve | applied science
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| a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions | atom
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| the study of life | biology
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| a collection of all ecosystems on Earth | biosphere
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| the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things | cell
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| a set of populations inhabiting a particular area | community
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| a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment | control
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| a form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find things out | descriptive science
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| all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that | ecosystem
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| an organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles | eukaryote
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| the process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species arising from | evolution
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| a form of science that begins with a specific explanation that is then tested | hypothesis-based science
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| a field of science, such as biology, that studies living things | life science
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| a large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules | macromolecule
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| a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond | molecule
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| a field of science that studies the physical world, its phenomena, and processes | natural science
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| a structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function | organ
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| the higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs | organ system
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| a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell | organelle
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| an individual living entity | organism
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| a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both | phylogenetic tree
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| - a field of science, such as astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter | physical science
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| all individuals within a species living within a specific area | population
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| a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle | prokaryote
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| a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for the behavior of some | scientific law
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| a group of similar cells carrying out the same function | tissue
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| a part of an experiment that can vary or change | variable
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| The outermost shell of an element wants 8 electrons | octet rule
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| Properties of water | Cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, capilliary action
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| Water interactions | polar, stabilizes temperature, solvent
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| Carbon in life | structural backbone, carbon bonding, chain and rings
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| Amino acids on organism | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary protein structures
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| Four major types of biological molecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Proteins
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| a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH | Acid
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| the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance | Adhesion
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| a monomer of a protein | amino acid
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| a negative ion formed by gaining electrons | anion
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| a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH | Base
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| a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions | buffer
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| a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; serve as energy sources and structural support in cells | carbohydrate
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| a positive ion formed by losing electrons | cation
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| a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cell | cellulose
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| a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi | chitin
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| the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creats surface tension | cohesion
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| a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or different elements; forms | covalent bond
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| the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals | denaturation
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| a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that carries the hereditary information of the cell | DNA
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| two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycodsidic bond | disaccharide
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| a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein | enzyme
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| a storage carbohydrate in animals | glycogen
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| a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules | hydrogen bond
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| describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving | hydrophilic
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| describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water fearing | hydrophobic
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| a chemical bond that forms between ions of opposite charges | ionic bond
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| one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons | isotope
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| a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water | lipids
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| a large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller monomers | macromolecule
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| single unit or monomer of carbohydrates | monosaccharide
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| a type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no regions with partial charges as in polar covalent bonds | nonpolar covalent bond
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| a monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide
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| a major constituent of the membranes of cells; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone | phospholipid
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| a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds | polypeptide
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| a long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched | polysaccharide
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| an isotope that spontaneously emits particles or energy to form a more stable element | radioactive isotope
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| a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is involved in protein synthesis | RNA
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| a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized | saturated fatty acid
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| a storage carbohydrate in plants | starch
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| a type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings | steroid
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| a fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule hydrocarbon chain | triglyceride
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| a long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more than one double bonds in the | unsaturated fatty acid
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| a weak attraction or interaction between molecules caused by slightly positively charged or slightly negatively charged atoms | van der Waals interaction
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| All living things composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, all cells arise from cells | cell theory
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| Regulates passage of substances in order to preserve internal conditions of the cell | plasma membrane
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| internal contents of the cell, sight of metabolic reactions | cytoplastm
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| protein fibers that help to maintain the shape of the cell | cytoskeleton
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| long hairlike structure used for cell mobility | flagella
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| short, hair like structures that cover entire surface of plasma membrane in certain areas, move substances along outer surface of cell | cilla
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| interacts with endomembrane organelles | endomembrane system
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| site of ribosome subunit assembly, houses DNA | Nucleus
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| series of interconnected membranous tubules | Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| synthesize proteins undergoes modification | RER
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| synthesizes carbs, lipids, steroid hormones, detoxes | SER
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| flattened membranous sacs, sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids and proteins | Golgi Apparatus
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| Components in plasma membrane that are dynamic in position | phospholipids,proteins and carbohydrates
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| Naturally occurring passage of materials not requiring energy because on concentration gradient- the tendency of chemicals to migrate from low to high concentration | passive transport
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| the method of transporting material that requires energy | active transport
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| a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell | cell wall
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| a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site if macromolecule degradation | cental vacuole
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| a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis | chloroplast
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| protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes' building material | chromatin
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| structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material | chromosome
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| the gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended | cytosol
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| a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments | desmosome
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| a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material down its concentration gradient | diffusion
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| a gradient produced by the combined forces of the electrical gradient and the chemical gradient | electrochemical gradient
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| a type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell | endocytosis
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| the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins | endomembrane system
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| a process of passing material out of a cell | exocytosis
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| the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, andprovides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue | extracellular matrix
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| a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins | facilitated transport
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| a model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character | fluid mosaic model
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| describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell | hypertonic
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| describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell | hypotonic
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| describes a solution in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell | isotonic
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| an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles | Lysosome
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| production of ATP | Mitochondria
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| the double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus | nuclear envelope
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| the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits | nucleolus
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| the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution | osmolarity
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| the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water | osmosis
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| a process that takes particulate matter like macromolecules, cells, or cell fragments that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis | phacocytosis
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| a process that takes solutes that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis | pinocytosis
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| a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis | ribosome
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| a membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport | vacuole
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| Total energy in a closed system is neither lost or gained Entropy constantly increases in a closed system | thermodynamics
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| the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin) | acetyl CoA
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| the cell’s energy currency | ATP
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| describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction | Catabolic
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| the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP | Chemiosmosis
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| a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane | electron transport chain
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| describes a chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy | endergonic
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| the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor | fermentation
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| the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH | glycosis
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| all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy | metabolism
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| the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules | oxidative phosphorylation
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| a molecule on which the enzyme acts | substrate
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| the science of the relationships between heat, energy, and work | thermodynamics
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| the specific pattern of absorption for a substance that absorbs electromagnetic radiation | absorption spectrum
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| the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules | Calvin cycle
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| the process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds | carbon fixation
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| the first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH) | light-dependent reaction
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| the middle layer of cells in a leaf | mesophyll
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| an organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules (storing energy), using the energy of light | photoautotroph
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| a distinct quantity or “packet” of light energy | photon
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| a group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy | photosystem
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| the opening that regulates gas exchange and water regulation between leaves and the environment | stoma
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| a disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in the membrane’s wavelength- the distance between consecutive points of a wave | thylakoid
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| the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. | photosynthesis
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