medterm
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| Potassium | normal concentration 3.5-5 meq/L, must be maintained within its normal range or else serious complications
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| hypokalemia | K <3.5 meq/L, caused by diuretics, vomiting, NG suctioning,diarrhea,liver failure, alkalosis, decreased intake and increased output, steroids, and B-agonist drugs
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| signs and symptoms of hypokalemia | muscle weakness and cramps, fatigue, confusion, cardia arrhythmias, and metabolic alkalosis
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| hyperkalemia | causes: too rapid IV administration of K+, anything that inhibits K+ excretion (renal failure)
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| signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia | metabolic acidosis, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias,nausea/vomit
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| treatment of hyperkalemia | diuretics, IV glucose and insulin (increased K+ uptake by cells, CaCl or Ca+
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| Calcium | 50% of Ca in blood is bound to protein and is affected by blood pH( increased PH=more Ca binds to protein)
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| hypocalcemia causes: | renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, hyperthyroidism, dificiency in magnesium
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| signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia | muscle craps and weakness, tetany, arrhythmias
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| function of Ca+ | initiates muscular contraction, maintains neuromuscular irritability, normal blood coagulation, and maintains integrity of bones, Ca present in equal amounts ionized and nonionized
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| Treatment of hypocalcemia | treat underlying cause, vitamin D
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| Hypercalcemia causes: | renal failure, some malignancies, hyperthyroidism
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| signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia | arrhytmias, neuromuscular weakness/fatigue, nausea/ vomiting
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| treatment of hypercalcemia | treat underlying problem, diuretics, administer phosphate
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| magnesium | predominately found intracellulary
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| hypomagnesium causes: | renal failure, decrease in dietary intake, GI disturbances, alcoholism
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| signs and symptoms of hypomagnesium | muscle craps, weakness, tetany, nausea/vomiting, arrhythmias
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| hypermagnosemia causes | causes: renal failure, diabetes mellitis, adrenal insufficiency, and high magnesium diet+
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| hypermagnosemia signs and symptoms | muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmias
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| treatment of hypermagnosemia | diuretics, dialysis if caused by renal failure
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| sodium regulation via NaCL mechanism | sodium to maintain neutrality is accompanied by active transport with CL from the glomerular filtrate and into the renal tubular cell, both Na+ and Cl- are transported to the ECF and ultimately to the plasma (blood)
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| Sodium regulation via NaHCO3 mechanism | 1) recaptures Na+2)HCO3 are reabsorbed(100% of HCO3 in tubules reabsorbed)
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| 3 things that will increase the HCO3 production/reabsorption | 1. increase in PCO2 (stimulates renal compensation)2.decrease in blood volume (renin-angiotensin system)3. decrease in K+ concentration in blood
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| Angiotensin II causes: | systemic vasoconstriction which increases BP
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| Angiotensin II stimulates the production of: | Aldosterone
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| Aldosterone | stimulates NaHCO3 reabsorption because water reabsorption follows Na+ reabsorption, blood volume increases and improves perfusion to the kidneys
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| hyperaldosterone | can result in metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia
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| Diaretics can interfere with either___________or___________reabsorption | NaCl, or NaHCO3
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| Urinary buffers 2 main functions | 1. excrete daily acid load( esp. fixed acids)2. regenerate bicarb that's lost during extracellular buffering
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| 3 main urinary buffers | 1.amonia2.phosphate3.HCO3
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| amonia works by: | combining with H+ ions to form NH3 which minimizes the fall in pH
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| phosphate | enhances excretion of H+
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| anion gap | used with metabolic acidosishelps diagnosing causes of met.acidosis
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| high anion gap= | increased amount of fixed acids
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| MUDPILERS | methanol,uremia,diabetes/diabetic ketoacidosis,propylene glycol, Inhaled drugs used to treat TB, lactic acidosis, etholyene glycol, Renal failure, salicylates
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