Economics- Edexcel 4.4.3
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Main functions of a central bank | show 🗑
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show | setting base rate, deciding on QE, possible exchange rate intervention in managed floating or fixed
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show | supervision of stability of wider financial system to reduce systemic risk, prudential policies designed to maintain financial stability during times of crisis and high volatility
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show | lender of last resort, managing liquidity, overseeing the payments systems
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show | handling government debts
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show | promote monetary and financial stability
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Monetary stability means | show 🗑
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show | look at a range of demand/supply-side indicators that impact inflationary pressures and decide the policy interest rates
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MPC | show 🗑
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Expansionary monetary policies | show 🗑
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Deflationary monetary policies | show 🗑
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Aim of expansionary monetary policy | show 🗑
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show | lower AD
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show | when the nominal interest rate is close or equal to zero and central banks find that they have run out of room to stimulate AD during a slowdown or recession
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show | risk averse banks are required to hold more capital and charge a premium on new loans/private sector businesses and consumers are low on confidence and focussed on cutting their existing debt rather than taking out new loans
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show | fiscal policy(larger budget deficit for AD)/central banks supply or use negative interest rates to reduce real interest rates/switch to a managed floating exchange rate to seek competitive depreciation
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show | Bank of England creates new money to buy assets, increased demand for gov bonds increases prices, causes a fall in the yield on a bond, use money from sold bonds to buy other assets causing injection of cash
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show | how much income an investment generates, separate from the principal
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show | wealth effect, borrowing cost effect, lending effect, currency effect
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wealth effect | show 🗑
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borrowing cost effect | show 🗑
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lending effect | show 🗑
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currency effect | show 🗑
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show | FPC, PRA, FCA, CMA
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FPC | show 🗑
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show | prudential regulation authority
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FCA | show 🗑
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CMA | show 🗑
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show | protect against market failure/encourage confidence/allow Central Bank to perform its other roles/prevent systemic risk within financial markets
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show | identify, monitor and take actions to remove or reduce risks that threaten the resilience of the UK financial system
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What does the FPC do? | show 🗑
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show | tell commercial banks and other lenders to increase their capital buffet to help absorb unexpected losses on their assets
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Macro-prudential policy | show 🗑
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show | adjusts capital based on individual institutions' risks
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Main role of PRA | show 🗑
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show | insurance providers, buy-to-let mortgage lenders, credit unions
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Liquidity ratio | show 🗑
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show | requires commercial banks to keep enough liquid assets to get through a 30 day market crisis
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show | cash & balances with central banks + government bonds / bank’s total assets
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show | measures the funds a bank has in reserve against the riskier assets it holds that could be vulnerable in the event of a crisis
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show | the portion of a company's net income that is not paid out as dividends to shareholders but is instead retained within the company for various purposes
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Counter cyclical capital buffer rate in UK | show 🗑
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show | upswing in credit cycle, downswing in credit cycle
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show | commercial banks are required to build up extra capital reserves
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show | commercial banks have more capital to help absorb losses
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show | indicator of the ability of a bank or building society to absorb losses
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show | capital / exposures
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show | more that the bank or building society relies on debt to fund their activities
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show | assess commercial banks’ ability not just to withstand severe shocks but to maintain the supply of credit to the real economy under severe pressure
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Stress tests use what? | show 🗑
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show | economic outcomes that lie well outside the mainstream forecasts
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