Chap 21 - 24

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The inner protective covering of the brain is called the

meninges

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The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the

ventricles.

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Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the

choroid plexus.

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Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts.

descending

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The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the

medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons

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The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the

cerebellum

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The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls.

hypothalamus

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Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness?

thalamus

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The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the

central sulcus

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The most numerous cerebral tracts are the

association tracts

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Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as

cerebral localization

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The reticular activating system maintains

consciousness

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The limbic system integrates

emotion

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The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term

memory

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The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the

motor program

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How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

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The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the

cauda equina

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The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the

dorsal root ganglion

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The ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex networks called

plexuses

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Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm.

brachial

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Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a

dermatome

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A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve

myotome

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Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of

sensory and motor neurons

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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

olfactory

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Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve?

hypoglossal

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The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium

vestibular

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The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS

voluntary; outside

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If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a

cranial reflex

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A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a

glandular secretion.

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The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot.

Babinski sign

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A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system.

autonomic

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The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the

intestinal wall.

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Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the

gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord

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If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway?

synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron sends ascending or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia passes through one or more ganglia without synapsing all of the abov

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The two main types of adrenergic receptors are

alpha and beta

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The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is

relaxation.

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Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters,

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

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Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors.

cholinergic

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The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme

acetylcholinesterase.

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Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they

continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors

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Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system.

craniosacral

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When an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor, a(n) _____ potential develops in the receptor’s membrane.

receptor

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Sensations produced by the receptors of general sense organs are often called the

somatic senses.

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Which of the following is not a group (classified by location) of receptors?

chemoreceptors

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The activation of which two types of proprioceptors allows us to orient our bodies in space and provides us with positional information about specific body parts while at rest or during movement?

tonic and phasic proprioceptors

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The web-like arrangements of free nerve endings that surround hair follicles and detect movement are

root hair plexuses.

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The category of receptors that are activated by intense stimuli of any type that result in tissue damage is

nociceptors.

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Which type of receptor is found only in the eye?

photoreceptor

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The general (somatic) sensory receptors may be classified anatomically as either

free nerve endings or encapsulated nerve endings

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Which two types of nerve fibers carry pain impulses from nociceptors to the brain?

acute and chronic

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The type of deep or visceral pain that develops more slowly over time travels over

B fibers and is often described as dull or aching.

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Free nerve endings called _____ mediate sensations of heat and cold.

thermoreceptors

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The neural pathways in tickle involve both the _____ and _____ before the impulses reach the cerebral cortex.

thalamus; hypothalamus

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Tactile corpuscles are encapsulated tactile end organs, also called

Meissner corpuscles

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Which two types of stretch receptors are associated with muscles and tendons and are classified as proprioceptors?

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

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What proprioceptor is located at the point of junction between muscle tissue and tendon?

Golgi tendon organ

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Epithelial support cells, basal cells, and olfactory sensory neurons can be located in the

olfactory epithelium

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Which classification of tongue papillae are bumps with tiny, threadlike projections that do not contain taste buds?

filiform papillae

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The ear is divided into which three anatomical parts?

external ear, middle ear, inner ear

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The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is

endolymph.

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The tiny bones found in the middle ear are the

ossicles.

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The sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

semicircular canals

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Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the

crista ampullaris

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The innermost coat of the eyeball is the

retina

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The transparent, anterior portion of the outer coat of the eyeball is called the

cornea

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Cones are less numerous than rods and are densely concentrated in the

fovea centralis

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The substance that fills both chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye is the

aqueous humor

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The intrinsic muscles located within the eye are the _____ muscles.

iris and ciliary

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Accommodation for near vision necessitates

an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes. all of the above.

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As people grow older, they tend to become farsighted. This condition is called

hyperopia.

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_____ is a progressive hearing loss that is associated with aging and results from degeneration of nerve tissue in the ear and the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Presbycusis

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