APUSH 15-16 vocab
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| breakers | the brutal practice of breaking or training enslaved people to submit to authority through harsh physical and psychological methods.
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| responsorial | African American folk music characterized by call-and-response patterns. This musical form played a crucial role in both religious gatherings and slave communities, fostering communal participation and offering a means of expression
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| Nat Turner's Rebellion | Led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner in Virginia, one of the largest and most violent uprisings by enslaved individuals, highlighting the brutal realities of slavery and fueling debates over the institution. led to stricter control of slaves
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| Amistad | Spanish slave ship seized in 1839 by African captives who had been illegally transported to Cuba. The subsequent legal battle, known as the Amistad case, played a pivotal role in the abolitionist movement,
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| The American Colonization Society | aimed to address the issue of slavery by advocating for the voluntary resettlement of free African Americans to Africa, marking an early effort to grapple with the complexities of race and slavery in the United States
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| Liberia | served as a resettlement destination for freed African-American slaves, reflecting the complex dynamics of abolitionism and racial attitudes in antebellum America.
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| An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World | abolitionist pamphlet by David Walker that passionately called for enslaved individuals' resistance and revolt, challenging the institution of slavery and advocating for the rights and freedom of people of African descent worldwide
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| The Liberator | newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, playing a pivotal role in the antebellum period by advocating for the immediate and uncompensated emancipation of enslaved individuals, fueling the abolitionist movement
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| Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass | autobiographical work that powerfully exposes the brutality of slavery, serving as a compelling abolitionist tool and providing a firsthand account of the dehumanizing experiences endured by African Americans
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| Mason-Dixon line | served as a symbolic and geographic boundary between the Northern and Southern states, associated with the divisive issue of slavery, ultimately foreshadowing the tensions that would lead to the Civil War.
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| Gag Resolution | series of congressional resolutions aimed at suppressing anti-slavery petitions, reflecting the increasing tension over the slavery issue in the pre-Civil War United States by limiting discussions of abolition in the House of Representatives.
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| slave narratives | autobiographical accounts written by formerly enslaved individuals, providing crucial firsthand insights into the brutal realities of slavery in America, serving as powerful tools for abolitionist movements
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| Nat Turner | enslaved African American who led a bloody rebellion in 1831 in Virginia, known as Nat Turner's Rebellion, challenging the institution of slavery and highlighting the deep-seated tensions
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| Theodore Dwight Weld | American abolitionist , speeches and writings played a crucial role in the mobilization of public sentiment against slavery, contributing to the rise of the abolitionist movement
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| William Lloyd Garrison | abolitionist and newspaper editor, wrote the liberator
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| David Walker | African American abolitionist, known for his incendiary pamphlet "Walker's Appeal," advocated for the immediate and uncompromising emancipation of enslaved individuals,
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| Sojourner Truth | former enslaved woman and prominent abolitionist - advocating for the abolition of slavery and women's rights, delivering powerful speeches and emphasizing the intersectionality of gender and racial equality.
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| Frederick Douglass | African American abolitionist and former slave, wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , known for writings and speeches
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| Aroostook War | bloodless boundary dispute between the United States and Britain over the Maine-Canada border, ultimately resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, preventing potential armed conflict and solidifying diplomatic relations.
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| Manifest Destiny | belief that the expansion of the United States across the North American continent was not only inevitable but also divinely ordained, driving westward expansion and shaping American territorial and ideological ambitions
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| “Fifty-four forty or fight” | rallying cry during the U.S. presidential campaign of 1844, reflecting American expansionist sentiments, annex the Oregon Territory up to the latitude line 54°40', which was ultimately settled diplomatically with Britain along the 49th parallel in 1846.
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| spot resolutions | Proposed by Congressman Abraham Lincoln in 1846, these resolutions challenged President James K. Polk to specify the precise location where American blood had been shed, questioning the justification for the Mexican-American War
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| California Bear Flag Republic | established in 1846, symbolizes the brief and tumultuous period of American settlers declaring independence from Mexican rule in California during the Mexican-American War, shows regions role in expansion
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| Battle of Buena Vista | pivotal conflict during the Mexican-American War, where American forces, led by General Zachary Taylor, successfully defended against a larger Mexican army, boosting US territory - 1847
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | signed in 1848, marked the end of the Mexican-American War and resulted in significant territorial gains for the United States like California, Arizona, New Mexico ...
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| Conscience Whigs | active from 1793 to 1860, were a faction within the Whig Party who opposed the spread of slavery into new territories, reflecting the growing tensions over the issue and foreshadowing the deepening divide
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| Wilmot Proviso | proposed in 1846 by Representative David Wilmot, aimed to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican-American War, reflecting the intense sectional tensions over the expansion of slavery
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| John Tyler | played a crucial role in shaping early 19th-century American politics and governance, known for his controversial accession to the presidency after the death of William Henry Harrison and his commitment to states' rights
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| James K. Polk | role in expanding the nation through the annexation of Texas, the Oregon Trail settlement, and the Mexican-American War, effectively shaping the continental boundaries of the United States
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| Stephen W. Kearny | American military officer during the mid-19th century, best known for his role in the Mexican-American War and the expansion of the United States into the West, particularly for his capture of Santa Fe in 1846.
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| John C. Frémont | explorer, military officer, and the first Republican candidate for president, whose expeditions in the Western territories and advocacy for abolitionism
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| Winfield Scott | military officer, serving with distinction in the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War, and later playing a crucial role in attempting to avert the Civil War through his efforts to find peaceful resolutions and compromise.
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| Nicholas P. Trist | diplomat and negotiator , played a crucial role in the resolution of the Mexican-American War as the chief negotiator of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, securing vast territorial gains
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| David Wilmot | politician who gained historical significance for proposing the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, a failed but impactful attempt to prohibit the extension of slavery into territories acquired from Mexico
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