MTA PSYC 1011 Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
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| Stress | The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation or type of stimulus strains our ability to cope effectively.
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| Stressor | A situation that causes stress.
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| Traumatic Event | A very extreme stressor that produces long term psychological or health consequences.
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| Stressors As Stimuli Approach | Focuses on identifying different types of stressful events.
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| Stress As a Transaction Approach | Examines how people interpret and cope with stressful events.
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| Primary Appraisal | Is the initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful when we encounter a potentially stressful situation.
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| Secondary Appraisal | Are our perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event, this decision happens after primary appraisal.
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| Problem-Focused Coping | Is the coping strategy where we solve problems directly and tackle challenges. This is more likely to happen when we are optimistic about achieving our goals
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| Emotion-Focused Coping | Is the coping strategy where we construct positive outlooks on feelings or situations and engage in behaviors that reduce painful emotions. More likely to happen in situations where we have little to no control.
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| Stress As a Response Approach | Assesses people's psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances.
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| Corticosteroids | Is the stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances.
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| Social Readjustment Rating Scale | Is a questionnaire based on 43 life events ranked in terms of their stressfulness.
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| Hassles | Are minor annoyances that strain our ability to cope.
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| The Hassles Scale | Measures how stressful events, from hassles to major pressures, affect one's adjustment to stress.
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| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Is a stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
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| The Alarm Reaction | Is the first stage of GAS, which involves excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.
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| The Emotional Brain | Is the seat of anxiety within the limbic system, that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
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| Fight or Flight Response | The physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) a threatening situation.
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| Resistance | The second stage of GAS, where we adapt to the stressor and find ways to cope with it.
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| Thinking Brain | Is what the cerebral cortex is called.
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| Exhaustion | The third and final stage of GAS, where our resistance breaks down and we recover from the alarm and resistance stages.
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| Eustress | Good stress, based on the Greek word eu meaning "good".
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| Distress | "Bad" stress.
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| Tend and Befriend | A reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or to seek social support (befriend) under stress, more common in females.
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | A condition that sometimes follows very stressful life events. Causing the victim to experience vivid memories and flashbacks.
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| Social Support | Are relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal resources.
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| Behavioral Control | Is the ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or to prevent its recurrence. Includes problem-focused coping.
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| Avoidance-Oriented Coping | Avoiding action to solve our problems or giving up hope.
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| Cognitive Control | Is the ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events. Includes emotion-focused coping.
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| Decisional Control | Is the ability to choose among alternative courses of action.
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| Informational Control | Is the ability to acquire information about a stressful event.
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| Proactive Coping | Is the anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping.
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| Emotional Control | Is the ability to suppress and express emotions.
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| Catharsis | Is the act of disclosing painful feelings.
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| Hardiness | Is the set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful circumstances.
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| Spirituality | Is the search for the sacred, which may nor may not extend to belief in God.
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| Ruminating | Focusing on how bad we feel and endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems, more common in women.
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| Immune System | Our body's defence system against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-inducing organisms and substances.
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| Antigens | Is our skin, which blocks the entry of many organisms.
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| Pathogens | Disease producing organisms.
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| Phagocytes | A specialized white blood cell that engulfs organisms invading the body.
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| Lymphocytes | Specialized white blood cells that come in T cells and B cells.
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| T Cells | Attaches to proteins on viruses and pops them.
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| B Cells | Produce antibodies which slow invaders and attract good proteins.
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| Macrophages | Wander through the body killing off antigens and dead tissue.
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| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | The incurable but treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system.
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| Autoimmune Disease | Is when the immune system is overactive and attacks various organs of the body.
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| Psychoneuroimmunology | The study of the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system.
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| Psychosomatic Disorder | The old belief that certain illnesses were caused by deep-seated conflicts and emotional reactions.
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| Peptic Ulcer | An inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite.
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| Psychophysiological | Are illnesses such as ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.
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| Biopsychosocial Perspective | The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.
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| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) | Is damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.
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| Atherosclerosis | Is when cholesterol collects in the walls of arteries that block and narrow blood flow.
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| Type A Personality | The personality type that describes people who are competitive, hostile, and ambitious.
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| Health Psychology | A field of psychology, which is also called behavioral medicine, that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice of medicine.
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| Crash Diets | Diets in which people heavily restrict calorie intake (~1000 calories per day).
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| Aerobic Exercises | Exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body.
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| Personal Inertia | Not wanting to try new things.
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| Alternative Medicine | Health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine.
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| Complementary Medicine | Products and practices that are used together with conventional medicine.
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| Natural Commonplace | The false belief that because something is natural, it can be ingested and is healthy.
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| Chiropractic Manipulation | A body-based method of medicine, where the spine is manipulated to treat a wide range of pain-related conditions.
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| Subluxations | Are the irregularities in the alignment of the spine, which were thought to prevent the nervous system and immune systems from functioning properly.
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| Biofeedback | Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or temperature.
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| Meditation | A variety of practices that train attention and awareness.
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| Concentrative Meditation | Is focusing attention on a single thing.
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| Awareness Meditation | Is when attention flows freely and one examines whatever comes to mind.
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| Energy Medicines | Are medicines based on the idea that disruptions in our body's energy field can be mapped and treated.
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| Acupuncture | An ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body.
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| Homeopathic Medicine | Remedies that feature a small does of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body's own natural defences.
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