deviance and crime sociology chpt 7
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| deviance | occurs when someone departs from a norm
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| informal punishment | involves a mild sanction that is imposed during face-to-face interaction, not by the judicial system
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| stigmatized | people who are stigmatized are negatively evaluated because of a marker that distinguishes them from others and this is labeled as socially unacceptable
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| formal punishment | takes place when the judicial system penalizes someone for breaking the law
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| social diversions | are minor acts of deviance that are generally perceived as relatively harmless and that evoke, at most, a mild societal reaction, such as amusement or distain
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| social deviations | are non criminal departures from norms that are nonetheless subject to official control.
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| conflict crimes | are illegal acts that many people consider harmful to society. They are punishable by state.
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| consensus crimes | are illegal acts that nearly all people agree are bad in themselves and harm society `greatly. The state inflicts sever punishment for consensus crimes
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| social constructionism | argues that apparently natural or innate features of life are often sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally
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| white collar crime | refers to an illegal act committed by a respectable, high-status person in the course of his or her work
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| street crimes | include arson, break and enter, assault, and other illegal acts disproportionately committed by people of lower classes
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| victimless crimes | involve violations of the law in which no victim steps forward and is identified
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| self-report surveys | respondents are asked to report their involvement in criminal activities, either as perpetrators or as victims
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| victimization surveys | are surveys in which people are asked whether they have been victims of crime
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| social control | refers to methods of ensuring conformity
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| motivation theories | identify the social factors that drive people to commit deviant and criminal acts
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| constraint theories | identify the social factors that impose deviance and crime (or conventional behavior) on people
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| strain theory | holds that people may turn to deviance when they experience strain.
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| strain | result when a culture teaches people the value of material success and society fails to provide enough legitimate opportunities for everyone to succeed.
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| subcultural theory | argues that gangs are a collective adaptation to social conditions
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| techniques of neutralization | are the rationalizations that deviants and criminals use to justify their activities
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| differential association | theory holds that people learn to value deviant or non-deviant lifestyles depending on whether their social environment leads them to associate more with deviants or non-deviants
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| labeling theory | holds that deviance results not so much from the actions of the deviant as from the response of others, who label the rule breaker a deviant
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| master status | a person's master status is his or her overriding public identity. it is the status that is most influential in shaping that person's life at a given time
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| control theory | holds that the rewards of deviance and crime are ample. Therefore, nearly everyone would engage in deviance and crime if they could get away with it
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| conflict theory | the conflict theory of crime holds that deviance and crime arise out the conflict between power and the powerless
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| moral panic | occurs when many people fervently believe that some form of deviance or crime poses a profound threat to societies well being
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| recidivism rates | indicate the proportion of people re-arrested after an initial arrest
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