2023- 2024, Sensation and Perception
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| Sensation | process which sensory receptors receive energies
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| Transduction | physical to neural activity
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| Perception | process of organizing and interpereting sensory, starts by receiving, then transforming, lastly delivering to the brain
energy senses - hearing and sight
chemical senses - taste and smell
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| Bottom-Up Processing | completely sensory dependent, externally driven, first time for something and works up to the brain
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| Top-Down Processing | on experiences, expectations, sterotypes and assumptions, prior knowledge
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| Prosopangoia | perception problem
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| Selective Attention | focusing on conscious awareness, particular stimulation
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| Inattentional Blindness | failure to see visible objects
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| Change Blindness | failure to notice change
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| Cocktail Party Affect | singling out a voice amongst others
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| Absolute Threshold | what is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect something. Lower means quicker. goes against single detection theory
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| Single Detection Theory | no absolute threshold, depends on the person like: exceptions, experience, alertness and motivation.
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| Just Noticeable Difference - J.N.D. | minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected at least 50% if the time
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| Webers Law | about % and difference between 2 stimuli must be by a constant percent
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| Sensory Adaptation | nerve cells get bored and stop firing, diminishing a persons sensitivity with constant stimuli
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| Influence on Perception | mental predisposition and context affects
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| White vs Black in Color | Black absorbs everything vs white absorbs nothing
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| Wavelength | creates color, amplitude is brightness of color
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| Red Wavelength | long wave length
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| Blue | short wave length
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| Hyperopia | far sighted
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| Myopia | near sighted
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| Iris | ring of muscle, color portion, controls opening
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| Retina | light senstive area, where cones and rods are
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| Lens | changes shape to help open and focus images
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| Blind Spot | no cell receptors
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| Fovea | central focus poin, eye cones cluster
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| Optic Nerve | carries neua=ral impulse to octpical nerve
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| Crossing in eye | called optic chassim
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| Cones | are for color
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| Rods | perphiny of retina, black, white, gray
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| Order in Eye, starts from back | cones and rodes, then bi polar cell, gaglion cell
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| Feature Detectors | occipital lobe, lines, edges, angles and movement
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| Parallel Processing | processing of many aspects of stimulation
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| Gesalts | P.I.N.K grouping and the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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| Types of Groupings | Proximity, Continuity, Similarity, Conectedness, and closure
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| Figure Ground | visual field into objects (figures) and stand out from surroundings (ground)
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| Depth Perception | ability to see 3D
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| Visual Cliff | hardwires to pick up depth (nature)
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| Retinal Disparities | binocular cues, moving images from the retinas in the two eyes to the brain to compute differences
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| Convergence | binocular cues, objects come closer, eyes go together
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| Linear Perceptive | monocular cues,, the closer they cover the further they are in distance
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| Relative Height | monocular cues, the higher things go up, the further away they seem
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| Relative Size | monocular cues, smaller the image, the further away
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| Light and Shadow | monocular cues, concave and convery, closer object have more light and further seem dimmer
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| Relative Motion. Motion Paralax | monocular cues, the faster things move, the closer while further away takes longer like looking out a window when driving
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| Interposition | monocular cues, things are stacked, cover up is the furthest
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| Motion perspective | seeing when there is nothing
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| Stroboscopic Effect | motion in a series of still photos
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| Phi Phenomenom | two lights flashing, gives perception one light is moving
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| Perceptual Constancies | unchange even with different size, shape, color, lightness, when illuination, shap and angle
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| Perpetual Adaptation | adapting to invert perceptual fields
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| Young-Helmholt Trichromatic Theory | color perception comes from 3 different color receptors in retina, Three Types of Cones, blue red green and color blindness is 1 cone working, two cones or three (mono, di, tri)
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| Oppenent Processing Theory | opposing retinal processing enable color vision, red and green, yellow and blue, black and white.
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| after imagaing | looking at imagaing and then blank screen and seeing the image
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| Cataracts | cloudy lenses
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| Gluacoma | fluids build up inside the eyes
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| Retinopathy | blood vessels leak from retina
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| Macular Regeneration | Fovea wears out
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| Sound Waves | amplitude is loudness, length/frequency is pitch example. long waves have low frequency
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| Pinna | external part of ear
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| Tympanic Membrane or Eardrum | skin in ear
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| Hammer, Anvil/Incus and Stirups.Stapes | middle of ear, 3 tine bones that concentrate vibrations
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| Oval Window | conducts vibration to the cochlea
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| Cochlea | inner ear, fluid vibrates basilar membrance bending hair celss forming auditory nerve
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| Auditory Nerve | auditory message to brain through thalamus
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| Sounds Transduction | sound waves are converted to neural impulse
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| Ear perceiving damage is | irreversible
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| Tinnitus | phantom ringing, hears are permanently moved
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| Conduction Deafness | occues when sound cant get through outer and middle ear, some solutions that are possible are hearing aid, bone replacement
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| Sensorineural Deafness | damages to the cochlea hairs or auditory nerves, no way to replace the hears by cochlear implant is possible in some causes
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| Place Theory | determine by the place on baislar membrance
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| Frequency Theory | frequency which hair celss in the cochlea are fired
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| Gate Control Theory | spinal cors has a neurological gate that blocks signals to pass on to the brain. Normally the gate is open by activity of pain signals travelling ip small nerve fibers. This is closes by activities in larger fibers of by information.
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| Taste consist of | sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
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| Taste Buds | chemical sense, age and taste
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| Evolutionary Psychologist would say that | pleasurable tastes attached to protein rich foods that allowed survival
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| Gustatury | relates to taste
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| Olfaction bulb | relates to smell
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| Smell | a chemical sense with 5 million receptorys
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| Kinesthesia | sensing body position and movement of individual body parts, transduction
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| Vestibular Sense | sense of body movement, blance and acceleration
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| Semicurcular Canals | gravity, transduction
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| Smell enchanes | taste
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| McGurk Affect | what we see overrides what we hear
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| Synesthesia | one sense produces another
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