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| Their mineral composition depends on the source rock, but common minerals include quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals | Composition of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
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| Primarily composed of calcium carbonate | Limestone
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| Clastic sedimentary; has excellent properties for retaining oil and gas, making it an important source rock for fossil fuels | Shale
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| Crucial role in understanding the Earth's geological history and has various applications in industries such as resource exploration, earthquake studies and environmental assessment | Petrology
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| cools rapidly; smaller mineral crystals | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Cooling Rate
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| typically in Earth's surface; volcanic eruptions | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Occurrence
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| composed mainly of alkali feldspars and small amount of quartz | Syenite
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| fine-grained; one of the most common rocks and known for its dark color and columnar jointing | Basalt
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| range of textures, from crystalline to fine-grained. | Chemical Sedimentary
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| formed from the accumulation of shells and other organic remains of marine organisms | Limestone
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| clastic sedimentary; often found in riverbeds and alluvial fan deposits | Conglomerate
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| formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks (either igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) through changes in temperature, pressure, and/or the presence of chemically active fluids. | Metamorphic Rocks
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| lack the layered or banded appearance seen in foliated rock | Non-Foliated
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| igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic | Classification of Rocks
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| solidification of molten rock material called magma or lava | Igneous Rocks
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| beneath the Earth's surface when the molten magma cools and solidifies slowly within the Earth's crust | Intrusive Igneous Rock
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| cool slowly; larger mineral crystals | Intrusive Igneous Rock - Cooling Rate
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| coarse-grained / rough surface | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Texture
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| darker due to the presence of minerals like mica, pyroxene, amphibole | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Color
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| Common examples of Intrusive Rocks | Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Pegmatite
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| exposed at the surface through erosion and tectonic forces over long geological periods | Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Exposure
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| form on or near the Earth's surface when the molten magma or lava cools and solidifies quickly | Extrusive Igneous Rocks
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| fine grained | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Texture
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| lighter due to a lower concentration of dark minerals | Extrusive Igneous Rock - Color
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| Common examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks | Basalt
Andesite
Rhyolite
Obsidian
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| composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, mica | Granite
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| commonly used as a building material due to its durability, and attractive appearance | Granite
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| reddish-brown in color | Syenite
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| composed of plagiocase feldspar, biotite, hornblende | Diorite
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| speckled appearance due to the presence of dark-colored minerals | Diorite
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| composed mainly of calcium-rich plagiocase feldspar and pyroxene | Gabbro
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| commonly used as dimension stone in construction | Gabbro
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| known for its exceptionally large crystals and is a valuable source of gemstones | Pegmatite
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| contains rare minerals | Pegmatite
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| medium-grained; similar in basalt in composition; commonly used in road construction due to its durability | Dolerite
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| form through the accumulation and lithification (compaction and cementation) of sediments | Sedimentary Rocks
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| rock fragments are called ____ | Clasts
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| form from the accumulation and lithification of mineral and rock fragments | Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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| How are the clasts transported before deposition and lithification? | Water, Wind, or Ice
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| Have a clastic or detrital texture, with individual clasts visible to the naked eye | Clastic Sedimentary - Texture
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| can be well-sorted (similar-sized clasts) or poorly sorted (mixed-sized clasts). | Clastic Sedimentary - Sorting
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| form from the accumulation and lithification of organic materials such as plant debris and animal remains | Organic Sedimentary Rock - Origin
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| typically form in environments with abundant organic matter, like swamps, lakes, and ocean floors | Organic Sedimentary Rock - Environment
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| What type of decomposition does the organic material of Organic Sedimentary Rocks udergo before being compacted and cemented | Partial Decomposition
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| often have a fine-grained texture, but this can vary. | Texture of Organic Sedimentary
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| primarily organic carbon, which can become concentrated and turn into coal or oil shale | Organic Sedimentary Rock Composition
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| often contain fossils, including plant remains and sometimes marine organisms. | Organic Sedimentary Rock
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| form from the precipitation of minerals from solution (usually in water) | Chemical Sedimentary Rock
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| often form in environments with evaporation or where mineral-rich water interacts with existing rocks. | Chemical Sedimentary Rock
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| usually created through chemical processes, often in aqueous environments. | Origin of Chemical Sedimentary Rock
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| composed mainly of sand-sized grains of mineral, rock, or organic material | Sandstone
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| clastic sedimentary; used as building material and in production of glass | Sandstone
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| chemical sedimentary; widely used in construction and as a raw material in cement manufacturing | Limestone
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| fine-grained; composed of mud-sized particles | Shale
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| composed of rounded pebbles or cobbles embedded in a matrix of sand or silt | Conglomerate
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| composed of angular fragments of rock or mineral grains | Breccia
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| clastic sedimentary; formed through the accumulation of fragmented material in fault zones or near the base of a mountain | Breccia
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| have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of mineral grains or the presence of alternating light and dark bands | Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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| exhibit a foliation plane or cleavage along which they tend to split. | Texture of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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| What minerals are often included in Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Mica
Chlorite
Talc
Schist
Garnet
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| Common Examples of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks | Gneiss
Slate
Schist
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| Common examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks | Quartzite
Marble
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| formed from quartz-rich sandstone | Quartzite
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| non-foliated; known for its hardness and resistance to chemical weathering. | Quartzite
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| formed from limestone or dolomite | Marble
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| non-foliated; prized for its beauty and is commonly used in sculpture and building materials. | Marble
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| formed from fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale | Slate
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| foliated; can be easily split into thin layers and is commonly used as a roofing material. | Slate
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| formed from the metamorphism of granite or sedimentary rocks. | Gneiss
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| foliated; rock characterized by alternating light and dark mineral bands | Gneiss
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| foliated; has a distinctive foliated texture and is often used as a decorative stone | Schist
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| characterized by the presence of mica minerals | Schist
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