Pharm1 Test3 Neuromuscular Blockers and Neurotransmission
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| What are the two processes of cellular communication? | show 🗑
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| show | Neurotransmitters.
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| What do cells use to communicate electronically? | show 🗑
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| What is the normal resting potential of most cells? | show 🗑
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| What are intra and extra Na+ levels? | show 🗑
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| What are intra and extra K+ levels? | show 🗑
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| show | Intra: 10, extra: 150.
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| What are intra and extra Ca++ levels? | show 🗑
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| show | K+.
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| show | K+.
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| Dendritic conduction is active or passive electrical conductance? | show 🗑
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| Axonic conduction is active or passive electrical conductance? | show 🗑
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| show | Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. Some Ca++ also.
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| What is needed to restore chemical equilibrium? | show 🗑
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| Where is axonic conduction initiated? | show 🗑
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| show | Myelination, lower resting potential, increasing Na+ channel density, and increasing Axonal diameter.
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| show | Decreased Capacitance, and Saltatory Conduction.
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| What act begins synaptic transmission? | show 🗑
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| What happens after Ca++ channel stimulation? | show 🗑
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| What happens after Ca++ is released from storage in the Sarcoplasm? | show 🗑
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| show | Ca++ rapidly removed back into sarcoplasm.
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| show | Fused vesicles open to synaptic space, releasing contents into synaptic cleft.
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| show | Vesicles reformed by endocytotic process, and can then be refilled.
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| Some vesicles are... | show 🗑
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| One vesicle contains how much neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
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| How many molecules of neurotransmitter are in one quanta? | show 🗑
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| True or false: neurotransmitters are the only substances in vesicles. | show 🗑
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| What are the excitatory neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
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| What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
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| The ganglionic blockers were primarily experimental. What were they used for? | show 🗑
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| show | Chondodendron Tomentosum.
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| show | To kill animals.
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| Curare was first used in medicine in 1932 to treat... | show 🗑
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| show | False. It was discovered in the 1940's.
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| show | As an aid to mechanical respiration, to prevent trauma during electroconvulsive therapy and as an aid to the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.
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| What is Gallamine? | show 🗑
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| show | These agents cause an initial stimulation (depolarization) of the receptor, followed by long-term blockade (due to keeping receptor depolarized, and not able to repolarize for re-stimulation).
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| What is the main benefit of Succinylcholine? | show 🗑
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| What is Decamethonium? | show 🗑
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| show | It is comprised of a 10 carbon chain separating two tri-methyl amines (Quats).
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| How does the structure of Decamethonium compare to Ganglionic Blockers? | show 🗑
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| show | Agents in this class act as competitive antagonists of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. This blocks the ability of ACh to stimulate the muscle at the motor end plate, resulting in muscle weakness (at lower doses) or paralysis (at higher doses).
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| Onset/duration of Atracurium? | show 🗑
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| Onset/duration of Cisatracurium? | show 🗑
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| Onset/duration of Pancuronium? | show 🗑
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| Onset/duration of Rocuronium? | show 🗑
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| Onset/duration of Succinylcholine? | show 🗑
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| show | 2.5-3, 25-30.
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| Unique in its depolarizing mechanism and is also the shortest-acting (both onset and duration) neuromuscular blocker, with effective intubation conditions occurring within 60 seconds, and persisting for 2—3 minutes. | show 🗑
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| show | Can cause transient sinus bradycardia accompanied by hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, and possible cardiac arrest by increased vagal stimulation.
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| show | Hyperkalemia.
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| show | Pre-treatment with anticholinergic agents, e.g., atropine, may reduce the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias.
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| Does Succinylcholine release histamine? | show 🗑
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| Classified as a short-acting, nondepolarizing agent and has been shown to be an effective alternative to succinylcholine for rapid sequence endotracheal intubation, due to it’s short onset and fairly short duration of action. | show 🗑
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| show | Atracurium, Cisatracurium, and Vecuronium.
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| What is the duration of action of the intermediate-acting NMB? | show 🗑
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| What is the long-acting NMB? What is its duration of action? | show 🗑
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| show | Serum esterases and spontaneous Hofmann elimination.
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| show | Atracurium and Cisatracurium.
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| show | Excite the CNS.
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| show | Pancuronium.
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| show | Rocuronium and Vecuronium.
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| Succinylcholine has <blank> histamine-releasing properties | show 🗑
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| show | Mild-to-moderate.
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| Agents with histamine-releasing properties have precautions for use in... | show 🗑
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| show | Flushing, hypotension, sinus tachycardia, and bronchospasm.
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| show | Compromised cardiovascular status, cardiac disease, or asthma.
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| show | Rocuronium and Vecuronium.
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| show | Pancuronium.
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| Prolonged blockade can result in... | show 🗑
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| show | Impair neuromuscular function (e.g., myasthenia gravis) or potentiate the pharmacological actions of neuromuscular blockers (e.g., electrolyte imbalance).
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| Patients with myasthenia gravis are very sensitive to these agents and... | show 🗑
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| What are some drugs that can potentiate neuromuscular blockade with the non-depolarizing agents? | show 🗑
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| show | Pancuronium, because it inhibits muscarinic receptors.
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| show | Age, electrolyte imbalance, and renal or hepatic failure.
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| show | flushing, hypotension, sinus tachycardF, urticaria, wheezing, and bronchospasm.
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| show | An acute myopathy lasting days to weeks.
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| <Blank> and <blank> has been reported with peripheral intravenous administration of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. | show 🗑
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| show | Ca++, sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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| show | True.
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