CHM231 Ch.6
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| Difference between ordinary light and plane-polarized light | Ordinary light has light waves vibrating in all planes, but Plane-polarized light has light waves vibrating in only parallel planes
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| What's an optically active compound? | A compound that rotates the plane of polarized light
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| What's a polarimeter? | An instrument that measures the ability of a compound to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light
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| What does the magnitude of observed plane-polarized light rotation depend on? | The concentration of the compound, the length of the sample tube, the temperature, the solvent, and the wavelength of the used light
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| What's a dextrorotary rotation? | A (+) clockwise rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light
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| What's a levorotary rotation? | A (-) counterclockwise rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light
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| What's an enantiomer? | A nonsuperposable mirror image
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| What does chiral mean? | Two molecules or objects are mirror images but are nonsuperposable on eachother
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| What does achiral mean? | A molecule and its mirror image are superposable
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| What does it mean if a molecule's superposable? | Molecules are identical and there's no possibility of enantiomerism
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| Do achiral or chiral molecules rotate the plane of polarized light? | Chiral molecules
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| If a molecule contains an internal mirror plane (a plane of symmetry), is it chiral or achiral? | Achiral
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| What's another name for a mirror plane? | A plane of symmetry
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| Does a chiral molecule have an internal mirror plane? | No
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| If there are four different groups bonded to a carbon molecule, is there a mirror plane? | No
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| What is a carbon with four different groups bonded to it called? | A stereocenter or asymmetric carbon
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| What are three identical physical and chemical properties of enantiomers? | same melting point and boiling point, same bond length and bond strengths, and the same amount of specific rotation (but in opposite direction)
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| Are many drugs chiral or achiral? | Chiral
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| How do you name a chiral molecule? | 1) Assign a priority from highest (1) to lowest (4) on each molecule of the stereocenter. 2) Lowest priority molecule faces away from you. 3) Read the next 3 from highest to lowest; Clockwise = R, Counterclockwise = S
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| What's a diastereomer? | A molecule with 2 [or more?] stereocenters
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| For a molecule with X stereomers, how many stereoisomers are possible? | 2^X
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| What's a stereoisomer? | Isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ only in the 3-D orientations of their atoms in space (so each molecule is bonded to the same molecule, but those molecules might be arranged differently)
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| What's a meso compound? | An achiral compound that has two or more stereocenters
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| What's a racemic mixture? | An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers
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| What is the molar ratio of dextrorotary to levorotary molecules in a racemic mixture? | 1:1
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| Does a racemic mixture exhibit optical activity? If so, explain what this means. | No it does not, so it doesn't rotate the plane of polarized light
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| What's a resolution? | When a racemic mixture is separated into its enantiomers
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| What's usually used to separate racemic mixtures? | Enzymes
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| What does the R enantiomer of thalidomide do? | It's effective against morning sickness, insomnia, & coughs, and acts as a painkiller and tranquilizer
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| What does the S enantiomer of thalidomide do? | It's teratogenic
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| Are many of the molecules in living systems chiral or achiral? | Chiral
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| What is chymotrypsin (ki' mo trip' sin)? | An enzyme in the intestine of animals that catalyzes the digestion of proteins
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| What are the two types of isomers, and explain their differences? | Constitutional isomers (same molecular formula but different structure) & stereoisomer (same molecular formula, same attachment to atoms)
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| What are the two types of stereoisomers? | Enantiomers and diastereomers
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| What are the two types of diastereomers? | Conformational isomers and Geometric isomers
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| What are the two types of geometric isomers? | Configurational isomers and cis-trans isomers
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