AQA A-level AQA psychology issues and debates year 13
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| Causal explanations | The belief that everything must have a cause
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| Scientific emphasis on causal explanations | We look for ways the independent variable(s) affect the dependent variable(s), this is our current scientific paradigm
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| Hard determinism | The belief we have no choice in our actions and everything is determined by internal and external forces
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| Soft determinism | The belief we have free will to some extent, that we’re influenced by inherent factors but ultimately make the final choice or decision to abort our choices (also known as “free won’t”): see Nesdadt et al. and twin studies
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| Biological determinism | The belief all our decisions are influenced solely by biology such as genes and neurotransmitters: see Soomro et al. and the SSRI studies
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| Environmental determinism | The belief that our decisions are determined by the environment, external influences and role models: see Bandura et al. bobo doll study
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| Psychic determinism | The idea that our behaviour is determined by a mixture of subconscious drives (Id) and effects of early development (ego/superego): see Sigmund Freud
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| Determinism moral argument: | If free will doesn’t exist then people can’t be held morally accountable for their actions
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| Alpha bias (gender) | When differences between gender are exaggerated, commonly as a form of identifying gender differences: see Freud and Bowlby
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| Beta bias (gender) | When differences between gender are ignored, commonly seen as a form of poor sampling: See Zimbardo, Milgram, Asch, Moscovici, basically any study before 1970
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| Androcentrism/gynocentrism | When psychologists view their own gender as the norm and the other as abnormal
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| Evolutionary psychology | A field which emphasises the role of adaptation for survival and reproduction, this will often result in more generalised statements about the roles of gender in survival
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| Gender bias | When one gender is either favoured over another gender or one gender is discriminated against
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| Alpha bias (culture) | When differences between cultures are exaggerated: see Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg (strange situation)
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| Beta bias (culture) | When differences between cultures are ignored: see Zimbardo, Milgram, Asch, the majority of psychology studies
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| Ethnocentrism | When a researcher believes that their own culture is the norm and use their own cultural norms and values to judge other cultures
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| Imposed Etic | When a researcher uses a culturally specific test/method in other, incompatible cultures
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| Cultural relativism | The opposite of ethnocentrism, when a researcher aims to understand cultures based on the norms of each culture itself, without projecting the reader’s own cultural bias
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| Nature | The influence of our inherited characteristics and genetic factors on human behaviour
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| Nurture | The environmental influences that impact an individual’s development and behaviour
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| Interactionist approach | The belief that behavioural and psychological phenomena result from the interaction between biological factors and environmental influences
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| Concordance rates | The percentage of cases in which a particular trait is shared between 2 individuals, generally either monozygotic or dizygotic twins
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| Family studies | Comparing concordance rates of family members
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| Twin studies | Comparing concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins
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| Adoption studies | Comparing the similarities between adopted children and their biological parents
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| Genetic research | Studying specific genes and their links to behaviours and characteristics
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| How it separates nature and nurture as well as its flaws: Family | Closer genetic similarity should help with concordance rates however you can’t be sure if it’s because they’re raised in the same family or because of genes
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| How it separates nature and nurture as well as its flaws: Twin | Closer genetic similarity should correlate with concordance rate. Both MZ and DZ twins share nurture but different genetic similarity however MZ twins are likely to share nurture to a greater extent potentially causing higher concordance rates
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| How it separates nature and nurture as well as its flaws: Adoption | Since the child is not raised by a parent with the trait, they can only inherit it through genes and nature however it is impossible to control variables such as contact with biological parents or quality of adoptive parents
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| How it separates nature and nurture as well as its flaws: Genetic research | If you can locate a specific gene you can find evidence of the influence of nature however many traits have a lot of candidate genes and epigenetics suggest that events can trigger genes
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| Feminist psychology | Recognising that there are biological differences between genders that need to be recognised but there are also culturally crafted differences due to socialisation. We should aim to recognise and address the source of the differences
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| Indigenous psychologies | Employing psychologists from that foreign psychologists are aiming to study in order to adapt resources
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| Cultural relativism | The idea that a behaviour can only be properly understood/only has meaning/only makes sense in the context of the norms and values of the society or culture in which it occurs
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