Psych Exam 1
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| The Nervous System | electrical communication circuitry
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| bottom up processing | sensory receptors register info about environment and send it to brain for interpretation
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| What is Psychology? | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| Goals of Psychological science | describe, predict, and explain behavior
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| Empirical method | based on evidence
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| How old is psychology? | 142 years old - Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology lab in 1879
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| Structuralism | -identifying basic elements of mental processes
-attributed to Wilhelm Wundt
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| Functionalism | -emphasizes functions/purposes of mind and behavior in the individuals adaptation to the environment
-attributed to William James
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| The Principle of Natural Selection - Charles Darwin | -organisms that are better adapted survive and reproduce
-organisms compete for resources
-species change through genetic mutation
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| Biological Approach | focuses on body, specifically the brain and nervous system
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| Behavioral Approach | study of observable behavioral responses
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| B.F. Skinner | rewards and punishments determine behavior
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| Psychodynamic Approach | -unconscious thought
-early childhood experiences
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| Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud | unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking to them about their childhood memories, dreams, thoughts/feelings
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| Humanistic Approach | -emphasizes the positive qualities of a person
-capacity for positive growth
-free will
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| Cognitive Approach | mental processes involved in knowing
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| Evolutionary Approach | evolutionary idea are basis for explaining human behaviors (aggression, fears, mating patterns)
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| Sociocultural Approach | -cultural context is important in behavior
-comparing cultures/ethnic groups
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| Scientific Method | observe phenomena, formulate hypothesis, test hypothesis, draw conclusions, evaluate theory
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| Empiricism | knowledge from the senses
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| Descriptive Research | -describes phenomena
-case studies
-surveys
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| Correlational Research | -examines relationship between two variables to see how they change together
-cross sectional design- measured at one point in time
-longitudinal design- measuring over time
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| Experimental Research | -manipulating one or more variables
-only way to determine cause
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| Quasi-Experiments | -does not have random assignment
-can't make strong causal conclusions
-used if experiment is unethical/impossible with random assignment
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| Demand Characteristic | any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave
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| Plasticity | the brain's physical capacity to change
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| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord
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| Double Blind Experiment | experimenter and participant are unaware of who is in control and experimental group
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| Afferent/sensory nerves | carry info to brain and spinal cord
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| efferent/motor nerves | carry info out of brain and spinal cord to muscles, glands, etc (E for Exit)
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
-Somatic NS- sensory and motor nerves
-autonomic NS- sympathetic(action/stress)
parasympathetic(calms down)
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| Neurons | nerve cells that handles information processing
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| glial cells | keep neurons running smoothly
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| action potential | brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon
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| synapses | spaces between neurons
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| 4 lobes of the brain | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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| corpus collosum | bundle of axons that relay info between hemispheres
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| left hemisphere | language processing and production
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| right hemisphere | processing nonverbal information (spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion)
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| sensation | process of receiving stimulus energy from the external environment and transforming it into electrochemical energy
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| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so it makes sense
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| top down processing | we begin with framework and apply info we are getting to it
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| absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus
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| difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection
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