All key studies from Memory AQA
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| Miller | Used a serial recall task to determine STM capacity and found that most people could remember between 5-9 items (magic number 7)
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| Peterson & Peterson | Found that 90% of participants could remember a 3-consonant trigram after 3 seconds, but only 2% could recall it after 18 seconds
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| Bahrick | Investigated the duration of LTM by asking people to recall people from their high school. Even after 48 years, they scored 70% on photo recall
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| Baddeley | Found that STM and LTM are coded differently - STM are coded acoustically and LTM coded semantically
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| Glanzer & Cunitz | Discovered the Serial Position Effect, where people are more likely to remember words at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list
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| Patient KF | Had a motorcycle accident and afterwards had a normal visual STM capacity, but an abnormally low verbal STM capacity
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| Patient HM | Had his hippocampus removed and afterwards was unable to form new declarative memories (episodic and semantic), but able to form new procedural memories
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| Gathercole & Baddeley | Dual task technique. Found that we can do visual and verbal tasks simultaneously but not 2 visual tasks.
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| Underwood | Participants who memorised one list could recall 70% of it the next day, but if they memorised 10+ lists they only recalled 20%
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| Muller | Recall of nonsense syllables was worse for participants given a distraction task during the retention interval
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| Godden & Baddeley | Participants learnt word lists on ground or underwater (scuba). Recall was best if the conditions were the same as during learning - whether back on ground or underwater
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| Goodwin et al | Participants who were drunk when learning word lists were better at recalling them if they were drunk again. If sober at learning, recall was best when sober again
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| Loftus & Palmer | Altered the verb they used during questioning witnesses to a car crash. If using the word 'smashed', their speed estimates averaged 41mph, compared to 32mph for 'contacted'
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| Yuille & Cutshall | Used leading questions on witnesses to a real life armed robbery. They found that in real life cases, leading questions did not affect memory.
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| Gabbert | Showed different participants two videos of the same event and then allowed them to discuss what they had seen. 71% of them later recalled things that they couldn’t have seen
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| Loftus (or Johnson & Scott) | Studied the Weapon Focus Effect. 33% of participants correctly identified a man if he was carrying a knife, but 47% recalled if he carried a pen
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| Christianson & Hubinette | Studied real life bank robberies and, contrary to the Weapon Focus Effect, found that the best recall was from witnesses who experienced the threat close up
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| Kohnken | Compared cognitive and standard interview. Cognitive was better (though it also led to more incorrect information being reported).
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