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Chapter 12: Two Dimensional Imaging

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
What two characteristics of sound must be overcome to create high quality 2D images?   show
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show Multiple pulses  
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What is a single, circular, disc-shaped element that is physically moved to create scan planes?   show
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show one resembles a coin  
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show fan or sector-shaped  
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How is the image shape created with mechanical transducers?   show
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show It mechanically steered the 2D image is built by rotating the crystal with a motor  
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How is the beam focused with a mechanical transducer?   show
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show the entire image is lost because it only has one crystal  
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show elements  
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show channel  
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What are some different types of array transducers?   show
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show Phased array  
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what is it called when a beam is focused or steered electronically?   show
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What are some characteristics of a linear phased array transducer?   show
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show many (100-300) elements along the probe face side by side shaped rectangular and narrow; element's width is about 1/4 to 1/2 of the sounds wavelength  
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What is the image shape of the (linear) phased array transducer?   show
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show phased; electronically transmitted in different directions with no moving parts; "wiper blade" or "bicycle spokes"  
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What always means adjustable or multi-focus?   show
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show electronically; control can be adjusted by the sonographer (depth and amount); multi-focusing  
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What is multi-focusing?   show
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What happens with a linear phased array transducer if their is a damaged PZT?   show
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How many elements are excited to create sound beam in phased array?   show
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show pattern of electrical signals  
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show draw a line connecting spikes; draw another line perpendicular to original line extending out of TD; the direction of this second line indicates sound beam direction  
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show sound beam directed downward  
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show sound beam directed upward  
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What creates the sector shaped image in the linear phased array?   show
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In linear phased array, a straight electrical spike line is what kind of beam?   show
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show the beam is steered  
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With linear phased array, when the electrical pattern is curved, the beam is what?   show
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With linear phased array, a more pronounced curve means what?   show
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show multiple sound beams sent down each scan line; distinct pulses are transmitted with differing patterns; each electrical spike pattern will have different degree of curvature; least curve produces deepest focus  
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show Dynamic Receive Focusing  
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show elements are disc-shaped concentric rings cut from the same circular slab of PZT  
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show multiple ring-shaped elements with common center similar to "bulls eye target"  
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show fan or sector-shaped  
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How is the beam steered with annular array?   show
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show multiple transmit focal zones; "multi-focus" Smaller diameter ring-shallower focus, diverge rapidly; collects data from the shallowest depth; only information from the focal zone stored; this repeated for each ring; focusing on all planes at all depths;  
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What happens with a damaged PZT with annular array?   show
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show Linear Switched Array  
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show elements arranged in a line with a larger acoustic footprint  
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show elements are rectangular; 120-250 elements; larger elements than linear phased array; size is about 1 wavelength  
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show some but not all crystals are fired simultaneously to create beam; beams are parallel to each other-directed straight ahead; first group of crystals fired, then another  
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How is the beam focused with linear sequential array?   show
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show rectangular image; image never wider than TD; can produce smaller width image; sound beams are emitted from small groups of crystals at different locations along face of TD  
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What happens with linear sequential array if there is a damaged PZT?   show
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show to overcome divergence and produce well-defined beam  
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What occurs with Phased Linear Sequential Array?   show
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show convex, curved or curvilinear array; bowed, arched shaped; similar operational characteristics to linear array  
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show rectangular shaped strips of PZT arranged side by side in bowed line; 120-250 elements; large footprint array; elements about 1 wavelength in width  
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show some but not all crystals fired at once to create sound beam; beam directed straight out of crystal; travel in different directions due to arc shape; sound beams are not parallel to each other  
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How is the beam focused with curved array?   show
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show blunted sector shape with arc at top of image corresponds to directly curved array footprint  
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show dropout directly below element; portion affected from top to bottom; only scan lines from defective crystal are affected  
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