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Chapter 12: Two Dimensional Imaging

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What two characteristics of sound must be overcome to create high quality 2D images?   show
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show Multiple pulses  
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What is a single, circular, disc-shaped element that is physically moved to create scan planes?   show
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How many active elements does mechanical transducers have and what does it resemble?   show
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show fan or sector-shaped  
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show Pulses radiate out like bicycle spokes from PZT; "Wiper blade on windshield" Crystal rotates around a single point  
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How is the beam steered with a mechanical transducer?   show
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show Has fixed focal depth Conventional, mechanical or fixed focusing with internal or external Occurs in horizontal and vertical plane-hourglass beam shape  
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With a mechanical transducer, what happens if the PZT crystal is damaged?   show
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With modern TDs what is the single slab of PZT cut into separate pieces called?   show
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show channel  
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What are some different types of array transducers?   show
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show Phased array  
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what is it called when a beam is focused or steered electronically?   show
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What are some characteristics of a linear phased array transducer?   show
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Describe the active elements in (linear) phased array TD.   show
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show fan or sector-shaped  
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How is the beam steered with a linear phased array?   show
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show Phased array  
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show electronically; control can be adjusted by the sonographer (depth and amount); multi-focusing  
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What is multi-focusing?   show
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show inconsistent/erratic beam steering and focusing; effect of damage is not precise due to complex sound pulse interactions from the many elements  
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How many elements are excited to create sound beam in phased array?   show
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What determines the beam's direction and focus in the linear phased array?   show
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How is the beam direction determined with linear phased array?   show
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show sound beam directed downward  
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show sound beam directed upward  
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show variations in slope  
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show unfocused sound beam  
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show the beam is steered  
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With linear phased array, when the electrical pattern is curved, the beam is what?   show
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show a shallower focus  
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How is multi-focusing done with phased array?   show
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show Dynamic Receive Focusing  
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show elements are disc-shaped concentric rings cut from the same circular slab of PZT  
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How are the active elements arranged in a annular array?   show
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show fan or sector-shaped  
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show mechanical steering; physically rotates the ringed-element to transmit sound in different directions  
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How is the annular array focused?   show
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show horizontan band dropout; only portion of image lost side to side; If innermost ring lost-lose superficial data; if outer ring lost-lose deeper data  
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show Linear Switched Array  
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show elements arranged in a line with a larger acoustic footprint  
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How are the elements arranged in a linear sequential array?   show
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How is the beam steered with Linear Switched Array?   show
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How is the beam focused with linear sequential array?   show
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What is the image shape of a linear sequential array?   show
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What happens with linear sequential array if there is a damaged PZT?   show
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show to overcome divergence and produce well-defined beam  
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show beam is electronically steered creating a parallelogram shaped image that is steered by slope delay in electrical excitation of elements; steered left or right; Grayscale anatomic image no slope, rectangular straight down; Doppler portion have slope  
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What are Curved Array Transducers?   show
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show rectangular shaped strips of PZT arranged side by side in bowed line; 120-250 elements; large footprint array; elements about 1 wavelength in width  
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show some but not all crystals fired at once to create sound beam; beam directed straight out of crystal; travel in different directions due to arc shape; sound beams are not parallel to each other  
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How is the beam focused with curved array?   show
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What is the image shape of a curved array?   show
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What happens in a curved array whenthere is a damaged PZT?   show
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