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APES Definitions

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
First Law of Thermodynamics   show
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show When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)  
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Ionizing radiation   show
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show Organized & concentrates, can perform useful work (ex. fossil fuels & nuclear)  
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show Disorganized, dispersed (ex. heat in ocean or air/wind, solar)  
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Natural radioactive decay   show
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show The time it takes for 1/2 of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. A radioactive isotope must be stored for approximately 10 half-lives until it decays to a safe level  
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Nuclear Fission   show
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show 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Happens in the Sun, very difficult to accomplish on Earth, prohibitively expensive  
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show A rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine  
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Mineral Reserve   show
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Surface mining   show
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show Organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms  
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show Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil  
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Loam   show
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show Conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers  
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Hydrologic Cycle Components   show
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Aquifer   show
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Cone of Depression   show
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Salt Water Intrusion   show
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show El Nino Southern Oscillation, trade winds weaken & warm surface water moves toward South America. Diminished fisheries off South America, drought in western Pacific, increased precipitation in southwestern North America, fewer Atlantic hurricanes  
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show "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America  
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Nitrogen Fixation   show
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show Decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia  
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Nitrification   show
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Assimilation   show
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show Bacteria convert ammonia back into N  
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Phosphorus   show
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Photosynthesis   show
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show Oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2  
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show (1) carbonate rocks (2) oceans  
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show Living & nonliving components of an ecosystem  
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Producer/Autotroph   show
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Trophic Levels   show
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show 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey  
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Primary succession   show
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show Life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm)  
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Mutualism   show
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Commensalism   show
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show Relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host  
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show The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area  
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r-strategist   show
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K-strategist   show
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Natural Selection   show
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Thomas Malthus   show
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show (Rule of 70) equals 70 divided by percent growth rate (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70/5 = 14 years)  
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Replacement Level Fertility   show
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Demographic Transition Model   show
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show Birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high  
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show Death rate (infant mortality) lower, birth rates remain high, better health care, population grows fast  
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Industrial stage   show
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Postindustrial stage   show
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Age Structure Diagrams   show
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show (1) China (2) India  
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Low Status of Women   show
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show Family planning, contraception, economic rewards, and penalties  
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Composition of Water on Earth   show
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Soil Salinization   show
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Point Source   show
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Non-Point Source   show
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BOD   show
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show Rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus  
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show When aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life  
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show Produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)  
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show Formed by reaction of primary pollutants  
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show Sources include burning fossil fuels and car exhaust. Effects include reduced visibility, respiratory irritation. Methods of reduction include filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy.  
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show (NOx) Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. Reduced using catalytic converters  
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show Secondary pollutant. Causes respiratory irritation and plant damage. Reduced by reducing NO emissions and VOCs  
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Sulfur Oxides   show
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show (CO2 and CO) Sources include burning fossil fuels, incomplete combustion. Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing blood's ability to carry O; CO2 contributes to global warming. Reduction accomplished by catalytic converters, oxygenated fuel, mass transit  
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Industrial Smog   show
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show Formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O)  
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Acid Deposition   show
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Greenhouse Gases   show
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show A vital process, required for life to exist on Earth. If accelerated, bad, leads to global warming  
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Effects of Global Warming   show
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show Caused by CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone  
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Effects of Ozone Depletion   show
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show Is mostly paper and mostly put into landfills  
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Sanitary Landfill   show
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Incineration   show
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Best Solution for Waste Problem   show
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show Species whose role in an ecosystem is more important than others  
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Indicator Species   show
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Major Insecticide Groups   show
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Pesticide Pros   show
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Pesticide Cons   show
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show Better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, and biopesticides, sex attractants  
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Electricity Generation   show
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show Microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat & pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons  
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Petroleum Pros   show
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show Reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2  
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Coal Formation   show
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Nuclear Reactor   show
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show Wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells  
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show The amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test populations  
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show Causes hereditary changes  
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show Causes fetus deformities  
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Carcinogen   show
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Multiple Use Public Lands   show
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show National Wildlife Refuges  
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Restricted Use Public Lands   show
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Volcanoes and Earthquakes   show
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show Most abundant at convergent plate boundaries  
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