Entropy/Free Energy
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | the energy of the universe is constant
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | the universe tends toward disorder; the entropy of the universe is increasing
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| Third Law of Thermodynamics | the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is 0; a perfect crystal represents the lowest possible entropy because it has a highly regular structure = only ONE possible configuration
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| How does temperature affect entropy? | as the temperature increases, so does entropy (increasing temp increases the random motions/disorder)
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| When will an increase in temp/energy have a greater impact? | increase in temp/energy has a greater impact on something that started with a lower energy
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| What affect does pressure have on entropy? | as pressure increases, entropy decreases. higher pressure = higher entropy
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| What point will a reaction usually stop at? | equilibrium, because it is the lowest possible free energy point
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| What is Wmax? | Wmax = G; maximum possible useful work obtainable from a process at constant temp/pressure; equal to the change in free energy
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| What is deltaG? | the amount of free energy available to do useful work; deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS
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| What is "wasted" energy? | energy that is used doing something other than work, such as used in frictional heating
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| Reversible Process | process that can be performed forward and in reverse, and end up w/ the universe exactly the same as it was before the process began; can only occur hypothetically
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| Irreversible Process | universe is different after cyclic process is performed; system returns to its original state, but surrounds has to furnish a net amount of work; all real processes are irreversible
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| How does the energy crisis relate to entropy? | when gas+O2 combust, the energy in bonds spreads over the surroundings as thermal energy instead of being concentrated; the thermal energy is harder to use. the energy has become more disordered (increase in entropy) and less useful (energy crisis)
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| deltaS of surroundings | deltaS of surroundings = -deltaH / T in K
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| Spontaneous Process | occurs without outside intervention
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| Positional Probability | depends on the number of positional microstates (spatial configurations) that yield a specific state
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| deltaS of universe | deltaS of universe = deltaS of system + deltaS of surroundings; deltaS universe = -deltaG / T in K
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