APUSH: Chapter 15: Reconstruction (1865-1877) Vocab
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| Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States
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| Wade-Davis Bill | an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy, required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath. Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.
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| Black Codes | laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers. was designed to force former slaves back to plantation labor
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| Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves and war refugees in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.
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| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens and granted them equal protection and rights of contract, with full access to the courts
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| Fourteenth Amendment | A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.
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| Reconstruction Act of 1867 | passed by Congress which was vetoed by President Johnson. Was the process for readmitting southern states into the Union. This Act invalidated the state gov. formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans and all the legal decisions made by those gov.
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| Fifteenth Amendment | 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
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| American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA) | state-level organization led by Lucy Stone/Henry Blackwell. loyal to the Republican Party despite no inclusion of women's voting rights. AWSA leaders held out hope that once reconstruction has been settled, it would be Women's turn.
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| National Woman Suffrage Association | suffrage group a federal level led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony stressed the need for women to lead organizations on their own behalf. focused on women's rights and took up the battle for a federal women's suffrage amendment.
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| Minor v. Happersett | Supreme Court decision in 1875 that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship and not granted by the 14th Amendment, Women were citizens, the Court ruled, but state legislatures could deny women the vote if they wished.
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| Sharecropping | system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
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| Union League | secret fraternal order where black/white Republicans joined forces in the late 1860s. educate blacks on civic life, buil schools/churches, represent African American interests. Republican candidates, protect blacks from white intimidation.
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| Scalawags | A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War. - an ancient scots-irish term for worthless animals
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| Carpetbaggers | northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction - self seeking interlopes who carried all their property in cheap suitcases called carpetbags
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| convict leasing | Notorious system, begun during Reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries.
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| civil rights act of 1875 | A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.
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| Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company | private bank founded in 1865 that worked with Freedmen's Bureau/Union army across the South. economic dev.of the newly emancipated African-American communities. June 1874, bank failed, Congress refused 61,000 depositors, including many African Americans.
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| Classical Liberalism | the philosophy of John Locke and other advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. free trade, small government, low property taxes, and limitation of voting rights to men of education and property
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| Laissez-faire | Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.
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| Credit Mobilier | 1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members
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| "Redemption" | Southern Democratic term for the end of Reconstruction and the return of white southern Democratic rule to the South. the violence enacted where ex-confederates terrorized the republicans especially with black voters
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| Klu Klux Klan | A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War. promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups
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| Enforcement Laws | passed in Congress in 1870 signed by U. S. Grant. freedmen rights under 14/15 amendments. Authorized fed prosecutions, military intervention, martial law to suppress terrorist the Enforcement Laws largely succeeded in shutting down Klan activities.
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| Slaughter House cases | A group of decisions begun in 1873 in which the Court began to undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect African American rights.
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| US vs Cruikshank | Supreme Court case that placed Civil Rights decisions into the jurisdiction of states and limited the fed government from protecting African Americans Civil and voting rights. stated that laws protected citizens from the state but not from other citizens
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| Andrew Johnson | 17th President of the US, from Tennessee, V.P. when Lincoln was killed opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. 1st US impeached president, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.
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| Charles Sumner | leader of the Radical republicans in the Senate from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote. was beaten by preston brooke
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| Thaddeus Stevens | Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. From pennsylvania, A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress. advocated for freedmens political and economic rights
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| Ulysses S. Grant | American union general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
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| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments . Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
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| Robert Smalls | Slave from South Carolina. who worked for the Confederates as a planter pilot. Stole a vessel and loaded it with family and took it to the Union. Important politician and established a Republican party in South Carolina.
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| Blanche K. Bruce | former slave, had been tutored on Virginia plantation by his white father. An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.
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| Nathan Bedford Forrest | confederate General that may have been one of the most respected cavalrymen of the Civil War. was a slave trader, and after the war he became one of the first Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan.
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| Civil Right Cases | Found that the 14th Amendment guaranteed equal protection of citizens under U.S. laws, but could not guarantee protection under state laws. also struck down the civil rights act of 1875 and sanctioned segregation
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