6.3 Operant Conditio
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operant conditioning | show 🗑
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show | saw that classical conditioning is limited to existing behaviors that are reflexively elicited, and it doesn’t account for new behaviors such as riding a bike.
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Skinner | show 🗑
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Edward Thorndike | show 🗑
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Law of Effect | show 🗑
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Positive | show 🗑
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show | means you are taking something away.
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Reinforcement | show 🗑
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Punishment | show 🗑
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Reinforcement and Punishment | show 🗑
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Positive Reinforcement | show 🗑
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show | Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
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show | Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
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Negative Punishment | show 🗑
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show | a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior. For example, you tell your five-year-old son, Jerome, that if he cleans his room, he will get a toy.
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show | an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. For example, car manufacturers use the principles of negative reinforcement in their seatbelt systems, which go “beep, beep, beep” until you fasten your seatbelt.
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show | In contrast, ----- always decreases a behavior.
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show | In positive punishment, you add an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior. An example of positive punishment is scolding a student to get the student to stop texting in class.
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show | you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.
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reinforcement | show 🗑
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show | Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in ---- , we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
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Shaping (1) | show 🗑
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show | Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior.
Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Finally, only reinforce the desired behavior.
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show | is often used in teaching a complex behavior or chain of behaviors.
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stimulus discrimination | show 🗑
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primary reinforcer | show 🗑
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Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers | show 🗑
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secondary reinforcer | show 🗑
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secondary reinforcer | show 🗑
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show | Another example, money, is only worth something when you can use it to buy other things—either things that satisfy basic needs (food, water, shelter—all primary reinforcers) or other secondary reinforcers.
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show | ---, which are also secondary reinforcers, can then be traded in for rewards and prizes. Entire behavior management systems, known as --- economies, are built around the use of these kinds of ---- reinforcers.
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show | When the children in the study exhibited appropriate behavior (not hitting or pinching), they received a “quiet hands” -. When they hit or pinched, they lost a -. The children could then exchange specified amounts of - for minutes of playtime.
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show | Sticker Charts
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show | Token Economy & Time-Out
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show | When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ---. This reinforcement schedule is the quickest way to teach someone a behavior, and it is especially effective in training a new behavior.
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show | In ---, also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.
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Fixed | show 🗑
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Variable | show 🗑
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show | --- means the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements,
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show | is delivered at predictable time intervals (e.g., after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). Moderate response rate with significant pauses after reinforcement. Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-timed pain relief
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Variable interval | show 🗑
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show | Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (e.g., after 2, 4, 6, and 8 responses). High response rate with pauses after reinforcement Piecework—factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured
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show | Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., after 1, 4, 5, and 9 responses). High and steady response rate Gambling
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A ---- is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. For example, June undergoes major surgery in a hospital. | show 🗑
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show | the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.
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fixed ratio reinforcement schedule | show 🗑
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variable ratio reinforcement schedule | show 🗑
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show | In operant conditioning, extinction of a reinforced behavior occurs at some point --- reinforcement stops, and the speed at which this happens depends on the reinforcement schedule. In
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