6.3 Operant Conditio
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| operant conditioning | show 🗑
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| Psychologist B. F. Skinner | show 🗑
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| show | believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: the reinforcements and punishments.
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| show | Law and Effect was proposed by
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| show | According to the ----, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
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| Positive | show 🗑
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| Negative | show 🗑
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| Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | means you are decreasing a behavior.
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| show | can be positive and negative.
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| Positive Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
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| Negative Reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
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| show | a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior. For example, you tell your five-year-old son, Jerome, that if he cleans his room, he will get a toy.
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| show | an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior. For example, car manufacturers use the principles of negative reinforcement in their seatbelt systems, which go “beep, beep, beep” until you fasten your seatbelt.
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| show | In contrast, ----- always decreases a behavior.
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| positive punishment | show 🗑
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| show | you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.
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| show | Today’s psychologists and parenting experts favor ---- over punishment—they recommend that you catch your child doing something good and reward her for it.
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| show | Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in ---- , we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
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| Shaping (1) | show 🗑
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| Shaping (2) | show 🗑
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| Shaping | show 🗑
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| show | An important part of shaping is -----. Recall Pavlov’s dogs—he trained them to respond to the tone of a bell, and not to similar tones or sounds. This discrimination is also important in operant conditioning and in shaping behavior.
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| primary reinforcer | show 🗑
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| Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, and touch, among others, are primary reinforcers | show 🗑
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| show | A has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.
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| secondary reinforcer | show 🗑
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| secondary reinforcer | show 🗑
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| show | ---, which are also secondary reinforcers, can then be traded in for rewards and prizes. Entire behavior management systems, known as --- economies, are built around the use of these kinds of ---- reinforcers.
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| Token | show 🗑
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| show | Sticker Charts
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| Behavior Modification | show 🗑
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| show | When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ---. This reinforcement schedule is the quickest way to teach someone a behavior, and it is especially effective in training a new behavior.
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| partial reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | --- refers to the number of responses between reinforcements, or the amount of time between reinforcements, which is set and unchanging.
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| show | --- refers to the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements, which varies or changes.
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| Interval | show 🗑
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| Fixed interval | show 🗑
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| Variable interval | show 🗑
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| show | Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses (e.g., after 2, 4, 6, and 8 responses). High response rate with pauses after reinforcement Piecework—factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured
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| Variable ratio | show 🗑
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| A ---- is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. For example, June undergoes major surgery in a hospital. | show 🗑
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| variable interval reinforcement schedule | show 🗑
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| fixed ratio reinforcement schedule | show 🗑
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| show | In a ---, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.
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| show | In operant conditioning, extinction of a reinforced behavior occurs at some point --- reinforcement stops, and the speed at which this happens depends on the reinforcement schedule. In
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