Kinesiology/ Biomechanics
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| joint | connection between two bones
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| joint function | allow motion, bear the weight of the body, provide stability
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| stability is mostly due to | shape of bones making up the joint or due to soft tissue features
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| joints contain | synovial fluid which lubricates the joint and nourishes cartilage
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| fibrous joint | thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones
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| synarthrosis | suture joint, thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, no motion between bones, provide shape and strength
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| syndesmosis | ligamentous joint. great idea of fibrous tissue, small amount go twisting or stretching mvmt
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| gomphosis | bolting together, joint occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket
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| cartilaginous joint | has either cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones, also called amphiarthrodial joints, allow small amount of motion such as bending or twisting and some compression, provide stability
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| synovial joint | no direct union between bone end, cavity filled with synovial fluid. diathrodial joint, allows free motion, not as stable but allows motion
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| non axial joint | mvmt tends to be linear instead of angular, surface is flat and glide over one another. mvmt occurs secondarily to other motion. example are carpal bones
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| uni axial joint | angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis like a hinge. only motions possible are flexion and extension.
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| biaxial joint | saddle joint. occurs in two different directions. found in the wrist where flexion and extension occur around the frontal axis, an radial and ulnar deviation occur around the sagittal axis
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| triaxial joint | multi directional joint, motion occurs in all three axes. ball and socket joint. allow motion in the frontal axis, sagittal axis, and vertical axis
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| ligaments | hold together the two bones of a joint. provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle. flexible but not elastic
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| two layers to the capsule | outer layer is fibrous tissue, provides support and protection, the inner layer is synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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| synovial fluid | thick, clear fluid that lubricates articular cartilage, reduces friction, helps to keep the joint freely moving, absorbs shock, and is the major source of nutrition for articular cartilage
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| cartilage | dense fibrous connective tissue capable of withstanding a great amount of pressure and tension
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| hyaline or articular cartilage | covers the ends of opposing bones, provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints. has no blood or nerve supply of its own and must get nutrients from synovial fluid, unable to repair itself
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| fibrocartilage | acts as a shock absorber, in weight bearing joints
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| elastic cartilage | designed to allow a certain amount of motion.
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| tendon | needed to connect muscle to bone, some tendons are encased in a tendon sheath, where it is subjected to pressure or friction
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| aponerousis | broad, flat tendinous sheet. found in several places where muscles attach to bone. the latissimus dorsi muscle is attached at one end by an aponerousis
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| bursae | small podlike sacs found around most joints. located in areas of excessive friction, such as under tendons and over bony prominences. filled with a clear fluid, reduce friction between moving parts
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| two types of bursae | natural and acquired. possible to develop a bursa in an area that normally does not have excessive friction if for some reason this site becomes a place of high friction. students bursa
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| sagittal plane | passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into left and right parts
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| frontal plane | passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts, also called coronal plane, motions occurring in this plane are abduction and adduction
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| transverse or horizontal plane | passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts, also called horizontal plane. rotation occurs in the plane
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| center of gravity | point where the 3 cardinal planes intersect each other whenever a plane passes through the midline of a part. it divides the body into equal parts
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| sagittal axis | point that runs through a joint from front to back
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| frontal axis | runs through a joint from side to side
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| vertical or longitudinal axis | runs through a joint from top to bottom
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| joint movement occurs | in a plane and around an axis, axis is always perpendicular to its plane
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| degrees of freedom | number of planes in which a joint can move
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| uniaxial joint DOF | one degree of freedom
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| biaxial joint DOF | two degrees of freedom
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| triaxial joint DOF | 3 degrees of freedom. max number of DOF that an individual joint can have
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