12 Personality
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| • Personality | A person’s unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotion, and behaviour; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become
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| • Personality traits | Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations
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| • Character | Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; desirable or undesirable qualities
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| • Personality theory | System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality
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| • Trait theories | Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behaviour
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| • Psychodynamic theories | Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
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| • Behaviouristic and Social Learning theories | Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning. Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
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| • Humanistic theories | Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth
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| • Common traits | Characteristics shared by most members of a culture
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| • Individual traits | Define a person’s unique personal qualities
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| • Cardinal traits | So basic that these traits dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits, eg. Freudian, Machiavellian etc.
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| • Central traits | Core qualities of a personality. These are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Eg. intelligent, honest, shy, anxious etc.
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| • Secondary traits | Inconsistent or superficial aspects of a person. These traits are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances (e.g., getting anxious when speaking to a group etc.)
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| • Surface traits | Features that make up the visible features of personality
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| • Source traits | Underlying characteristics of a personality
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| • Trait profile | Graph of the scores on several personality traits
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| person-situation debate | is about the relative power of personality traits as compared to situational influences on behaviour.
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| situationists | argued that the situation more strongly influences the person compared to their personality traits, ie., someone who is extremely talkative at one specific party may sometimes be resistant to speak up during class or at a different party.
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| 1. Openness to experience | tolerance for new ideas and new ways of doing things, experientially oriented
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| 2. Conscientiousness | degree of organisation, preference for goal
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| 3. Extraversion | preference for social interaction, activity for activity's sake
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| 4. Agreeableness | orientation toward compassion and caring about others, and away from antagonism
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| 5. Neuroticism | tendency toward negative emotionality, instability, inability to cope
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| • Conscious | Everything you are aware of at a given moment including thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and memories
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| • Preconscious | Material that can easily be brought into awareness
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| • Unconscious | Holds repressed memories and emotions and the id’s instinctual drives
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| Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory | The Id
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| Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory | The Ego
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| Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory | The Superego
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| • Neurotic anxiety | Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely control
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| • Moral anxiety | Comes from threats of punishment from the superego
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| • Fixation | Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by overindulgence or frustration
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| • Oral dependent personality | Gullible, passive, and need lots of attention. Fixations create oral-aggressive adults who like to argue and exploit others
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| • Anal retentive | Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean
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| • Anal expulsive | Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel
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| • Oedipus conflict | Boy attracted to mother
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| • Electra conflict | Girl attracted to father
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| • Genital stage | Puberty onwards. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken
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| • Psychological situation | How the person interprets or defines the situation
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| • Expectancy | Anticipation that making a response will lead to a particular reinforcement
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| • Self-efficacy (by Bandura) | Belief in your capacity to produce a desired result
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| • Social reinforcement | Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others
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| • Identification | Feeling emotionally connected to admired adults
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| • Imitation | Desire to act like an admired person
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| Humanism | • Approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
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| • Free choice | Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
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| • Self-actualization | Process of fully developing personal potentials
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| • Self | Flexible and changing perception of one’s identity
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| • Self-image | Total subjective perception of your body and personality
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| • Incongruence | Exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image. The goal was to achieve congruence
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| • Ideal self | Idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be)
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| • Possible self | Collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become
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| • Positive self-regard | Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person
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| • Unconditional positive regard | Unshakable love and approval for oneself and others
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| • Interview (personality) | Face-to-face meeting designed to gain information about someone’s personality, current psychological state, or personal history
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| • Direct observation | Assessing behaviour through direct surveillance
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| • Personality questionnaire | Paper-and-pencil measure consisting of questions that reveal personality aspects
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| • Rorschach technique | Contains 10 standardized inkblots (the “inkblot” test)
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| • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | Projective device consisting of 20 drawings of various situations; people must make up stories about the drawings
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