polymers
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| polymerization | making monomers into polymers
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| polymers are composed of | macromonomers
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| polymer is made from molecules called | monomers
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| natural polymers are made of (3things) | sugars, amino acids and nucleic acids
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| examples of natural polymers include | starches, proteins, wood, wool, cotton and silk
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| starcg is a polymer made of | glucose
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| cotton is a polymer made of | cellulose
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| wood is a polymer made largly of | cellulose
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| proteins are polymers made of | amino acid monomers
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| nucleic acid is a polymer made of | nucleotides with bases
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| celluloid is a ____material | synthetic
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| cellulose is treated with nitric acid what is formed | cellulose nitrate
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| john wesley hyatt | found a way to soften cellulose nitrate so that it could be molded in to billard balls, instead of ivory
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| john wesley hyatt softened callulose nitrate by treating it with | ethyle alcohol and camphor
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| celluloids uses include | billard balls, movie film, stiff collars, gunpowder
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| calluloid is no longer on the market becuase | other substitutes are available, it has dangerous flamability
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| the first truely synthetic polymers were _____made in___ | phenol-formaldehyde resins made in 1909
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| simplest and least expensive polymer | polyethylene
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| leobaekeland | created bakelite synthesizzed from addidtion reactions
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| what three things were needed in addition reactions for synthetics | heat, presssure, and catalyst
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| polyethylene is used for | plastic bags, packaging fruit, garment bads, garbage can liners
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| polyethylene is made from | ethylene un unsaturated hyrdocasrbon
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| ethylene (what it is generally) | an unsaturated hydrocarbon
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| ethylene (produced?) | produced in large quanitites form the cracking of petroleum
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| ethylene monomers join in long chains under what conditions | pressure and heat in the presence of a catalyst
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| CH2=CH2+CH2=CH2... | polyethylene molecule
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| qualities of polyethylene | tough and flexible, good electirc insulator, withstand high and low temps.
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| british used what for their radar in ww2 | polyethylene
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| two principal kinds of polyethylene | HDPE's (high density polyethylens) and LDPEs (low density polyehtylenes)
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| two different kinds are produced by | using different catalysts and different reaction condictions
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| characteristics of HDPE's (5) | linear molecules, packed closely together, odered crystaline structure, rigid, strong
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| HDPE's are used for | botle caps, toys, bottles and gallon milk jugs
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| characteristics of LDPE's (5) | many side chains branching, prevent molecules from packing closely, no crystaline structure, waxy and bendable, lower melting points(wil lose form in boiling water)
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| LDPE's are used for | plastic bags, plastic film, squeeze bottles
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| buckyballs (what are they who discovered them, what did they lead to) | c60 ect. made of only carbon molecules led to nanotubes discovered by buckminster
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| buckyballs made of what shape | hexagons and pentagons...they make a circleish shape
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| is polyethylens thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer | thermoplastic
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| three characteristics of thermoplastics (all say prettymuch the same thing) | 1. can be softened by heat and pressure and then reshaped 2. can be melted down and remodleled 3. recyclable
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| why are thermo plastics recyclable | becuase the branched ,olecules slide past one another when heat and pressure are applied
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| US production of thermoplastics and how many were polyethylene | 32billion kg of thermplastics, 13kg were polyethylene
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| four characteristics of thermosetting | 1. harden perminantly when formed 2. cant be softened by heat and remodeled 3. strong heat causes them to discolor and decompose 4. can be sterilized with heat at hospitals and wont melt
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| why is thermosetting so heat resistant | have a crosslinkage in polymere chains
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| Two types of polymerization reactions | 1. addition 2. condensation
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| addition polymerization | monomer molecules add to one anothe rin such a way that the polymeric product contains all the atoms of the starting monomers
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| condensation polymerization | a portion of the monomer molecule is not incorpooratied in the final polymer but is split out as the polymer is formed
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| many of the familiar addition polymers made from deivatices of | ethylene
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| in polypropylene (a derivative of ethylene) the hydrogen atoms are replaced by _______ | a menthy group
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| characteristics of polypropylene (4) | 1. tough plastic material 2. resistant to moisure oils and solvents 3. high melting point (121C) 4. can be sterilized with steam 5. microwaveable
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| examples of polypropylene | luggage, battery case, appliance parts, upholstry fabrics, carpets, ropes that float
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| what changes in making polypropylkene | the ethylene...-H is changed to -CH3
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| in polystyrene the derivative ethylene is changed in what way | a hydrogen atom is replaced with a benzene ring.....hence the name styrene
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| the formula for polystyrene | C6H5CH=CH2
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| in the polystyrene formula what part is the benzene ring | C6H5
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| polymerization of styrene produces _______ | polystyrene
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| what is formed when gas is blown into polystyrene | styrofoam
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| how is vinyl chloride made | replacing one of the hyrdrogen atoms of ethylene with a chlorine atom
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| what is the formula for vinyl chloride | CH2=CHCl
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| polymerization of vinyl chlolride yields | PVC- polyvinyl chloride
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| is PVC thermosetting or thermoplastic | thermoplastic
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| the monomer from which vinyl plastics are made is a | carcinogen
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| angiosarcoma | cancer developed from people who worked closely with vunyl chloride gas
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| characteristics of PVC (4) | 1. tough synthetic material 2. looks like leather 3. really cheap 4. can be formed into various shapes
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| examples of vinyl polymers | plastic wrap, pluming, plastic bottles, artificial leather, floor tile, shower curtain, pipes
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| 40 percent of PVC is molded into | pipes
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| what is the formula and other name for polyvinylidene chloride | H2C=CCl2 saran
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| what are two uses for saran | food wrap and seat covers
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| what is the formula for tetrafluroethylene | CF2=CF2
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| the polymerization of tetrafluroethylene produces (three names) | polytetraflurothylene (PTFE) or teflon
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| in teflon the H atoms were replaced by what before it was polymerized | fluorine
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| characteristics of teflon | c-F bonds are exceptionally strong 2. resistance to heat 3. unreactive 4. nonflammable 5. nonsticking properties
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| PTFE was ___discovery | serendipitus
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| examples of PTFE | electric insulation, bearings, gaskets, coat skillets
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| what is the monomer for teflon | F2C=CF2
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| in PVC what replaces the other H | Cl
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| a plastic material, in chemistry.... | is one that can be made to flow under heat and pressure
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| compression molding | heat and pressure are applied directly to the polymer powder in the mold cavity
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| transfer molding | powder is softened by heating outsid ethe mold and then poured in the mold to harden
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| injection molding | plastic is melted in a heating chamber and then forced by plunger into cold molds to set
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| extrusion molding | the melted polymer is extruded through a die in continuous form to be cut into lengths or coiled
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| _____polymers have the highest production colume in the plastics industry | addition
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| this polymer is able to conduct electricity | polyacetylene
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| first conducting polymer discovered in 1970 | poly acetylene
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| natural rubber can be broken down into the simple hydrocarbon called | isoprene
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| natural rubber is known to be composed of | macromolecules
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| isoprene is a _____liquid | volatile
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| _____is identical to rubber in everyway except its from petroleum instead of trees | polyisoprene
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| four characteristics of rubber | 1. natural polymer 2. semisolid 3. elastic material
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| ______was the polymer that was the basis for much of the development of the synthetic polymer industry | RUBBER!
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| ghost crystals | water absorbing polymers
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| polyacetylene (2 caracterisics) | electrically conducting ;llooks metallic
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| nitrated cellulose (2 things) | very flamable, gun cotton, flash paper
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| when nitrated cellulose is burt what is left | nitric acid residu
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| who did vulcanization | charles goodyear
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| how can rubber be made harder | reacting it with sulfur aka vulcanization
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| vulcanization | crosslinking hydrocarbon chains with sulfur atoms to make it harder
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| date goodyear discovered vulcanization | 1844
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| elastomeres | materials that act in a stretchable way
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| improvements to rubber due to vulcanization (five) | 1. harder2.stronger 3. suitable for auto tires 4. improves elasticity (acts as an elastomere) 5. increases melting point
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| natural rubber is a polymer of _____ | isoprene
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| polybutadien is a synthetic rubber made from the monomer butadine that differs from isoprene in that... | it lacks a menthyl group in the second carbon atom
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| downside of polybutadiene | only has fair tensile strench and poor resistance to gas and oils (no good for auto use)
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| polychloroprene made from isoprene but __replaces the methyl group | chlorine
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| qualitites of polychloroprene | better oil and gasoline resistance than other elastomers
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| polychloroprene is also known as | neoprene
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| neoprene is used to make | gasoline hoses
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| styrene-butadience rubber is an example of | copolymerization
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| in copolymerization a copolymer is formed from | two or more different monomers
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| sbr the copolymer includes (with percentages) | 25%styrene and 75% butadiene
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| pros and cons of SBR | more resistant to oxidation and abrasion but mechanical properites are less satisfactual
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| ____accounts for a third of the total production of elastomers | one third
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| SBR is used mainly for | making tires
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| copolymerization uses the ___reaction | addition
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| nylon 66 | 1,6 hexane diamine
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| three synthetic rubbers | 1. polybutadiene 2. polychloroprene (neoprene) 3. styrene-butabriene (SBR)
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| binder | substance in paint that hardens to form a continuous suface coating
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| what is the oil in these paints | linseed
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| why is condensation polymer different from addition? | in condensation part of the monomer molecule is not incorporated in the final polymer
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| what happens in condensation molecule (generally) | small molecules like water are spit out
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| dacron is what plus what | glycol +terephthalic acid
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| main example of polyamides | nylon
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| one nylon has a ___ plus a ____ | carboxylic acid with an amino group
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| two polyamides are | nylon 6 and nylon 66
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| original nylon polymer discovered in ____ by ___ | 1937 by dupont chemist wallace carothers
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| some natural polyamides include | slik and wool...fibers
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| polyester is made from molecules with ___and ___ | alcohol and carboxylic acid functional groups
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| most common polyester is made from (2things | ethylene glycol and terephythaloc acid
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| most common polyester is called | polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
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| uses of PET | bottles for beverages, formed as film , fibers for wash and wear clothing
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| the fist synthetic polymer | bakelite
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| bakelite was synthesized by ___in ___ | leo bakeland 1909
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| bakelite's big name | phenolformaldehyde resin
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| how are phenoformaldehyde resin's formed | splitting out water molecules and oxygen molecules from the aldehyde
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| major characteristic of thermosetting resins | cannon be melted or remodeled
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| polycarbonates aka | lexane
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| lexane used for | bulletproof windown and protective helmets
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| polyerethanes used for | foamed padding, cushons, mattresses, skate wheels
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| epoxy resisns used for | surface coatins, powerful adhesives, strong bonding
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| composite materials are made of __ and helfd together by | high strength fibers....polymeric matrix
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| composite materials ex. | tennis rackets, fiberglass, boat hulls, molded chairs
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| silicones are based on alternating ___ and ___atoms | sulfer and oxygen
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| silicones can be _ _ or _ networks | linear, cyclic or cross linked
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| characterisitcs of silicones | 1. heat stable 2. resistant to most chemicals 3. good for waterproofing
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| silicone uses | sinthetic bodyparts, lubricants, hair supply, fabric coatings, polish
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| a silicone toy is | silly putty
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| main quality of crystaline and reason | strength ... molecules are line dup neatlyu
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| Amorphus main quality and reson | flexibility, elasticity, because of randomly oriented molecules and tabgle with one another.. make good elastomeres
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| both types mixed together = | SPANDEX tensile strength of crystaline plus elasticity of amorphys rubber ex. lycra
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| copolymer | spandex
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| glass transition temperature | Tg
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| above thermoplastic polymers Tg temperature | rubbery and tough
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| below thermoplastic polymers Tg | glasslike, hard stiff brittle
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| rubber tires | low Tg
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| glass substitute | high Tg
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| tire Tg approx | 50C
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| a coffee cups Tg approx | 120C
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| plastic jacket | 0C
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| why ice gets gum off cloths | lowes temp to below Tg to make it brittle
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| four ways to dispose of plastics | landfills, incineration, degradable plastics, recycling
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| plastics make up __% of waste in the US by MASS and __% by VOLUME | 8 and 21 percent
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| incineration | burning plastics
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| degrading plastics | make them biodegradable or photodegradable,, but then shelf time is degraded
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| recycling | best way
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| recycling examples | milk jugs (HDPE) recycled to detergent bottles and PET soda bottles to fiber for carpets
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| what two things can be added to make fabrics more flame retardant | chlorine and bromine (common in childrens sleepwear)
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| nomex | flame retardent used for fire fighters and race car drivers
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| plasticizer | lowers Tg makes them less brittle
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| PCB's | used to be used now banned as plasticizer
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| most widely used plasticiver today is | phthalate ester
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| ___ is the new PCB | DDT
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