PSYC 331 final
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| Categorical approach to personality disorders | It assumes that problematic personality traits are either present or absent, a personality disorder is either displayed or not, a person who suffers from a personality disorder is not troubled by personality traits outside of that disorder
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| Challenges to treating personality disorders | Difficult because it is part of their personality
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| Characteristics of the odd personality disorders | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
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| Schizotypal personality disorder (biological explanations) | High dopamine activity, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, loss of gray matter
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| The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders | Histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline
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| Antisocial personality disorder criteria | Failure to obey laws and norms, lying, deception, manipulation, impulsive behavior, irritability and aggression, irresponsibility, lack of remorse for actions
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| Motivations of mass shooters | To fulfill a personal agenda, racial or religious hatred, severe feelings of anger and resentment, feelings of being persecuted or grossly mistreated, and desires for revenge
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| Antisocial personality disorder, anxiety, and learning | They experience less anxiety than others, so they take more risks, seek more thrill, and aren’t as good as learning from negative life experiences or tuning into emotional cues of others
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| Characteristics of borderline personality disorder | Unstable interpersonal relationships, fear of abandonment, pattern of idealizing partner and then withdrawal
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| Treatments for borderline personality disorder | Dialectical behavior therapy, mentalization based therapy
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| Characteristics of histrionic personality disorder | Extreme emotionality and attention seeking, needs constant approval and praise, overly concerned with attractiveness, act out victim role
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| Causes of narcissistic personality disorder | Grandiosity, self-promoting, manipulative, sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, preoccupation with receiving attention
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| Avoidant personality disorder causal factors | Genetic influence, inhibited temperament, elevated introversion and neuroticism
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| Avoidant personality disorder treatments | Individual and group therapy, antidepressants
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| Characteristics of dependent personality disorder | Difficulty in separating relationships, discomfort at being alone, subordination of own needs to keep others in relationship, indecisiveness
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| Dimensional approach five factor model | openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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| dimensional approach trait specified | negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism
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| Anxiety disorder symptoms in children compared to adults | More behavioral and somatic symptoms than cognitive ones: clinging, sleep difficulties, avoidance, irritability and stomach pains, focus on specific objects and events rather than broad concerns about the future
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| Characteristics of separation anxiety disorder | Extreme anxiety, often panic whenever separated from home or parent
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| externalizing symptoms | behaviors characterized by primarily actions in external world, such as acting out, antisocial behavior, hostility, aggression
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| internalizing symptoms | behaviors and disorders are characterized by processes within the self, such as anxiety, somatic complaints, depression
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| Child maltreatment and risk of developing psychological disorders | Scores of 4 or more on the adverse childhood experience study lead to increased suicide risk, developing eating disorders and substance use disorders, 4x more likely more schizophrenia and bipolar, and 2x more likely for depression and anxiety
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| Concerns over the treatment of bipolar disorder in children | Clinical catch all, receiving adult medications
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| Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder | Severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
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| Characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder | Repeatedly defiant, argumentative, angry and irritable, vindictive
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| Conduct disorder patterns of aggression | overt destructive, overt nondestructive, covert destructive, covert nondestructive
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| overt destructive | openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors
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| overt nondestructive | dominated by openly offensive but nonconfrontational behaviors (lying)
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| covert destructive | secretive destructive behaviors (violating property, breaking and entering, setting fires)
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| covert nondestructive | secretly commit nonaggressive behaviors (skipping school)
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| Treatments for conduct disorder | Cohesive family model, behavioral techniques, sociocultural approaches
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| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity, boys 13%, girls 4%
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| ADHD treatments | Medications, behavior therapy, neurofeedback
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| Autism spectrum disorder | Boys- 80% of all cases, identified before 3 years old
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| Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder | Communication difficulties, social challenges, repetitive and rigid behaviors
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| Primary causes of autism spectrum disorder | Central perceptual or cognitive disturbance, genetic factors, biological abnormalities
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| insanity defense- M’Naghten | focuses of whether a defendant knew the nature of the crime or understood right from wrong at the time it was committed
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| insanity defense- irresistible impulse test | expands above definition of insanity, not only whether defendant knows right from wrong but whether they could control
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| insanity defense- Durham test | you’re not criminally responsible if the unlawful act was a product of mental disease
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| Common diagnoses of those found not guilty by reason of insanity | 80% qualify for schizophrenia or another form of psychosis
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| Success of the NGRI plea in the U.S. in a typical year | 26% who plead insanity are found not guilty, 1 in 400 defendants in the US
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| Guilty but mentally ill option | They’re placed in a treatment facility and if symptoms remit, they move to a regular correctional facility until the full sentence is served
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| Competency to stand trial (CST) factors | Need to be able to understand the charges, assist their attorney in the defense, and understand the possible consequences of the outcome
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| Loughner case | Mass shooting in Arizona, before shooting teachers were concerned, there were contacts with college police, diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, court ruled doctors could forcibly medicate him, plead guilty, is serving a life sentence
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| Racial/ethnic differences in rates of involuntary psychiatric commitment | Racial/ethnic minority individuals more likely to be ordered into involuntary mental hospital commitment and involuntary outpatient commitment
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| civil commitment | legal process by which a person can be forced to undergo mental health treatment
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| 2 PC determinations | two-physician certificates, states require two physicians to certify that a patient needs temporary commitment and medication in an emergency
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| Addington v Texas | Set the standards for involuntary commitment for treatment by raising the burden of proof from the “preponderance of the evidence” to “clear and convincing evidence"
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| Accuracy in predicting dangerousness | More often wrong when making long term predictions of violence, overestimate likelihood of violence, short term predictions are more accurate
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| Forms of treatment that can be refused | Psychosurgery, ECT, and psychotropic medications
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| Ethics in treatment | Can't conduct fraudulent research, acknowledge limitations, psychologists who make evaluations based on assessments must have sufficient info and substantiate their findings, can't take advantage of clients, principle of confidentiality
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| Tarasoff case and confidentiality between client and therapist | Client told therapist he was going to kill someone, therapist warned police/did not warn the person, person was murdered and found guilty, therapist found liable for failing to warn victim, confidentiality privilege ends where public peril begins
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