Chapter 4 - Pesticide Formulations
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| The name “X-Pest 5G” on a pesticide label indicates a: | Granular pesticide with 5% active ingredient
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| Which is the pesticide formulation process by which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid? | Suspension
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| This liquid pesticide formulation consists of a small amount of active ingredient (often 1% or less per unit volume). | Ready-to-use (low-concentrate) solution (RTU)
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| This liquid pesticide formulation may approach 100% active ingredient. | Ultra-low volume (ULV)
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| What is a disadvantage of both EC and ULV formulations? | Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets, pump parts, and other surfaces to deteriorate
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| What dry/solid formulation is mixed in water and reduces the risk of inhalation exposure during mixing and loading? | Water-dispersible granule (WDG) or dry flowable (DF)
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| Which type of dry/solid pesticide formulation consists of particles that are the same weight and shape? | Pellet
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| Delayed or slow release of the active ingredient prolongs their effectiveness is an advantage of ______ materials | Microencapsulated
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| What type of adjuvant functions as a wetting agent and spreader (i.e., physically altering the surface tension of spray droplets)? | Surfactant
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| What type of adjuvant increases the viscosity of spray mixtures? | Thickener
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| A _____ is a pesticide product as purchased, containing a mixture of one or more active ingredients, carriers (inert ingredients), and other additives diluted for safety and ease of application | Formulation
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| Diluents are any inert liquid, solid, or gaseous material that is _____ with a pesticide active ingredient during the manufacturing process. Also, the water, petroleum product, or other liquid in which the formulated product is mixed before application. | Combined
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| A carrier is an inert liquid, solid, or gas added to an ____ ingredient to make a pesticide formulation. | Active
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| Can a carrier also be the material used to dilute the formulated product for application? | Yes
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| A solvent is a liquid such as water, oil, or alcohol that will ____ another substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to form a solution. | Dissolve
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| A solution is a mixture of one or more substances in another substance (usually a ___) in which all the ingredients are completely dissolved. | Liquid
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| An example of a _____ is sugar in water | Solution
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| An ___ system is a device that stirs or mixes a pesticide product in a sprayer. | Agitation
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| A chemical that aids in the suspension of one liquid in another that normally would not mix together: | Emulsifier
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| An emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that are not ____ in each other. One is suspended as very small droplets in the other with the aid of an emulsifying agent. | Soluble
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| An example of an emulsion is an emulsifiable ____ in water. | Concentrate
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| Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are a pesticide formulation produced by mixing an active ingredient and an emulsifying agent in a suitable petroleum solvent. When combined with water, a ____ emulsion is usually formed. | Milky
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| Impregnates are products with pesticides _____ into them. These pesticides slowly emit vapors over time and provide control of nearby pests. | Incorporated
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| Examples of ____ are pet collars, livestock ear tags, adhesive tapes, and plastic pest strips. | Impregnates
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| A pesticide formulation before it is diluted: | Concentrates
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| Phytotoxicity is chemical injury to: | Plants
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| The movement of a chemical into plants, animals (including humans), microorganisms, or soil: | Absorption
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| Volatility is the degree to which a substance _____ from a liquid or solid state to a gas at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air. | Changes
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| A mixture of two or more crop-production products in a spray tank. | Tank mixing
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| Adjuvants are substances added to a pesticide to ____ its effectiveness or safety. | Improve
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| Examples of _____ include penetrants, sticker-spreaders, and wetting agents. | Adjuvants
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| Adjuvants are also called: | Additives
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| True or false: Pesticides are formulated for end use because many pesticide active ingredients, in pure/technical grade form, are not suitable for application. | True
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| ____ are formulated to make them safer or easier to use. | Pesticides
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| The ___ ingredient is the part with pesticide properties. | Active
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| The ___ ingredient is a carrier or diluent, a surface-active ingredient like a sticker or spreader, a stabilizer, dye, or any chemical which makes the product safer or enhances pesticidal activity. | Inert
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| A | Aerosol
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| AF | Aqueous flowable
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| B | Bait
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| C | Concentrate
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| D | Dust
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| E or EC | Emulsifiable concentrate
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| F | Flowable
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| G | Granules
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| GL | Gel
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| L | Liquid
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| LC | Liquid Concentrate
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| LV | Low Volatile
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| M | Microencapsulated
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| P or PS | Pellets
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| RTU | Ready-to-use
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| S | Solution
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| SP | Soluble powder (or soluble packet)
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| ULV | Ultra-low volume
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| W or WP | Wettable powder
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| WDG | Water-dispersible granules
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| WS | Water soluble
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| WSB | Water-soluble bag (or water-soluble packet)
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| WSC | Water-soluble concentrate
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| WSL | Water-soluble liquid
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| WSP | Water-soluble powder (or water-soluble packet)
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| Consider legal, labeled ___ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Use
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| Consider applicator ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Safety
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| Consider the ___ word when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Signal
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| Consider _____ safety when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Environmental
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| Consider pest ___ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Biology
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| Consider site ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Characteristics
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| Consider the ____, or surface to be treated, when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Target
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| Consider appropriate and available application ____ when choosing a formulation for a specific site or situation. | Equipment
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| E or EC advantages: Easy to handle, transport and store, easy to pour and measure, little ___ required, not abrasive, will not usually plug screens or nozzles, leaves little visible residue on treated surfaces | Agitation
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| E or EC disadvantages: High concentration of active ingredient(s) makes it easy to over/underdose, may damage treated plants or surfaces, easily ___ through skin, splashes and spills are relatively difficult to decontaminate. | Absorbed
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| E or EC disadvantages: strong odor, solvents may cause ___ wear and tear, may cause pitting/discoloration of painted finishes or surfaces, flammable, may be corrosive. | Equipment
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| RTU low-concentrate solutions advantages: Convenient, some are packaged and sold in or with an application device, less personal ___ risk due to reduced toxicity and handling | Exposure
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| RTU low-concentrate solutions disadvantages: Limited availability, ___ cost per unit of active ingredient | High
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| C, LC, or WSC/WSL Advantages: relatively easy to handle, transport and store, no agitation necessary, not abrasive, do not plug screens or nozzles, do not usually leave visible ___ on treated surfaces | Residues
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| C, LC, or WSC/WSL Disadvantages: limited availability - esp. ___-based solutions, spills and splashes may be difficult to clean up and/or decontaminate, some are easily absorbed through skin | Water
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| Liquid baits Advantages: liquid ant baits are very useful in ___ sugar-feeding ants, ants that will feed on liquid baits carry this material to the colony | Controlling
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| Liquid baits Advantages: liquid rodenticide baits will often control rodents in areas where food is ___, but water is scarce or lacking altogether | Abundant
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| Liquid baits Disadvantages: not all ants, cockroaches and rodents will feed on liquid baits, you must refill or replace liquid-containing bait stations ___ | Frequently
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| ULV concentrates Advantages: easy to handle, transport and store, little or no agitation required, ___ abrasive to equipment, do not plug screens and nozzles, leave little visible residue on treated surfaces | Not
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| ULV concentrates Disadvantages: high drift hazard due to small ___ size, specialized equipment required, easily absorbed through skin | Droplet
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| ULV concentrates Disadvantages: high dermal and inhalation exposure risk, may cause rubber or plastic hoses, gaskets and pump parts and other surfaces to ___, calibration and application must be performed with special care | Deteriorate
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| Invert emulsions Advantages: low drift, increased rate of penetration/absorption, increased rainfastness and ___ runoff | Reduced
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| Invert emulsions Disadvantages: difficult to treat the underside of foliage or other ___ because droplets are large and heavy, limited availability | Targets
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| F or AF Advantages: easy to handle and apply, low ___ risk, generally not phytotoxic, seldom clog nozzles, splashes are less likely than with other liquid formulations | Exposure
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| F or AF Disadvantages: may settle, difficult to ___ all of product from container, may be abrasive, spills hard to clean up, may leave a visible residue on treated surfaces | Remove
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| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Advantages: easy to use, convenient, portable, easily stored, convenient way to buy and ___ a small amount of pesticide, retain potency for some time | Apply
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| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Disadvantages: practical for only a few limited or specialized uses, risk of ___ exposure | Inhalation
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| Ready-to-use aerosols (A) Disadvantages: hazardous if ___, over-heated or used near an open flame, may be difficult to direct material released to a single target site or pest | Punctured
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| Aerosols as smoke or fog generators Advantages: easy way to fill an ___ space with pesticide | Entire
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| Aerosols as smoke or fog generators Disadvantages: highly specialized use sites and equipment, difficult to confine to target site of pest, spills and splashes may be difficult to clean up, may require respiratory ___ to prevent inhalation exposure | Protection
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| D Advantages: usually ready-to-use, a good alternative where moisture from a spray might cause ___, applied with simple application equipment, effective in hard-to-reach indoor areas | Damage
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| D Disadvantages: easily drift off target during application, residues do not ___ to treated surfaces, including foliage, as well as liquids do, may irritate eyes, nose, throat, and skin | Adhere
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| D Disadvantages: dampness may cause product to clump and equipment to ___, some kinds of application equipment and devices are hard to calibrate, difficult to get an even distribution of particles | Clog
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| G Advantages: ready-to-use, drift hazard is ___, low applicator hazard, weight carries the formulation through foliage to soil or water target | Low
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| G Advantages: applied with simple application equipment, may break down more ___ than WPs or ECs because of a slow-release coating | Slowly
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| G Disadvantages: application equipment needs frequent calibration, application equipment is not as convenient to calibrate as spray equipment b/c it's measured by ___ instead of volume, uniform application may be difficult | Weight
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| G Disadvantages: granules do not stick to foliage or uneven surfaces, may need to be incorporated into planting medium, may need ____ to release the active ingredient, may be hazardous to nontarget species (especially waterfowl), bulky | Moisture
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| WP or W Advantages: easy to store, transport and handle, less likely than ECs and other ___-based formulations to harm treated plants, animals and surfaces | Petroleum
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| WP or W Advantages: as a rule, not phytotoxic, less risk of skin and eye ___ than ECs and other liquid formulations | Absorption
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| WP or W Disadvantages: not easy to measure or mix, inhalation hazard to applicator while measuring and mixing, suspended particles require good and constant ___ | Agitation
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| WP or W Disadvantages: abrasive to pumps and nozzles, difficult to mix in very hard or very alkaline water, if not mixed properly, may clog nozzles and screens, residues may be ___ on treated surfaces | Visible
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| B Advantages: ready-to-use, entire area need not be covered because ___ goes to bait, control pests that move in and out of an area | Pest
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| B Disadvantages: may be attractive to children and pets, may ___ domestic animals and nontarget wildlife, require careful placement and inspection, pest may prefer the crop or other food, dead vertebrate pests may cause problems | Kill
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| B Disadvantages: if baits are not removed after the pesticide stops working they may serve as a ___ supply, may not work in situations where pests have many other food or water sources | Food
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| Pastes, gels and other injectable baits Advantages: odorless, low human ___, last for long periods, low applicator exposure risk | Toxicity
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| Pastes, gels, and other injectable baits Advantages: hidden placements ___ human and pet exposure, accurate in their placement and dosage, easily placed where insects shelter | Minimize
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| Pastes, gels and other injectable baits Disadvantages: can become contaminated, when exposed to ___ temps, gels can drip/run, may stain porous surfaces, repeated applications can cause unsightly buildup | High
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| Fumigants Advantages: toxic to a ___ range of pests, can penetrate cracks, crevices, wood and tightly packed areas, a single treatment will usually kill most pests in the treated space | Wide
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| Fumigants Disadvantages: the target site must be ___ or covered to prevent the gas from escaping, nonspecific and highly toxic to humans and all other organisms, high inhalation exposure risk | Enclosed
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| Fumigants Disadvantages: most require the use of specialized personal ___ equipment, may require the use of specialized application equipment, some have specific temperature requirements | Protective
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| M Advantages: coatings help protect the applicator, easy to mix, handle and apply, timed release of active ingredient ___ effectiveness, reduced volatility and odor, less likely to stain or otherwise damage treated surfaces, reduced phytotoxicity | Prolongs
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| M Disadvantages: constant agitation may be necessary, risk of injuring or ___ bees, long restricted-entry or preharvest intervals for highly toxic products | Killing
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| WSB or WSP Advantages: accurate premeasured unit doses, increased handler safety, lower risk of ___ | Spills
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| WSB or WSP Disadvantages: package size may ___ match volume of prepared solution needed and/or tank volume | Not
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| WSB or WSP Disadvantages: may not be suitable for products applied in pounds or gallons of active ingredient per acre due to the size or number of packets required, must be kept ___ until ready to use | Dry
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