Cards made off of the study guide provided & practice exam, student made set
Help!
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| What is the only grain to naturally contain carotene? | corn
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| What grain is used mainly to make bread? | wheat
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| Which grain is used most to make beer? | barley
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| What grain is low in energy and preferred for horses? | oats
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| What grain often contains tannin? | milo
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| What 2 grains weigh 56 lbs per bushel? | corn & milo
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| What grain weighs 60 lbs per bushel? | wheat
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| What grain weighs 32 lbs per bushel? | oats
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| What grain weighs 48 lbs per bushel? | barley
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| What legume produces a seed extracted for oil and provides a protein supplement (soy) | soybean
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| What feeds are made from dairy products? | Whole milk, dried skim milk, dried buttermilk, dried whey
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| What feed is made from the rendering industry? | Tankage, meat meal, blood meal, dried blood plasma proteins, feather meal, fish meal
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| What protein supplement is made from a plant grown for fiber? | Linseed meal (from flax)
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| What protein supplement is made from coconuts? | Copra (coconut meal)
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| What protein supplements are often used for bird feed? | Safflower, Sunflower
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| Name 5 grains | Corn, milo, wheat, oats, rye, triticale, millet, rice, spelt, emmer
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| Name 5 byproduct feeds from grain processing. | Corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, wheat bran, corn germ meal, hominy feed
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| Name 5 byproducts from making beer. | Spent hops, malt sprouts, brewers grains (wet or dry), brewers dried yeast
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| What are 3 byproducts from making whiskey? | Distillers grains, dried distillers grains, distillers dried yeast
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| What are the byproducts of corn by the wet milling process? | Corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed
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| What are the byproducts of corn by the dry milling process? | Corn bran, corn germ meal, hominy feed
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| What are the primary products (not fed to animals) of both the wet and dry milling of corn? | - Dry: pearl hominy, corn meal, hominy grits
- Wet: corn starch, corn syrup, corn oil
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| What is the feed made from the outer covering of the wheat seed? | Wheat bran
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| What is the feed made from a combination of the outer covering and other particles of the wheat seed? | Wheat middlings
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| What are the corresponding byproduct feeds from spring and winter wheat? | Wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat millrun, shorts, red dog, wheat germ
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| What is the main feed byproduct from sugar manufacture? | Molasses
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| Mouth | GI
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| Lips | mouth, prehension
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| Teeth | mouth, mastication
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| Tongue | mouth, swallowing
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| Esophagus | GI, transport/peristalsis (muscle contraction)
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| Stomach | chemical digestion
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| Proventriculus | poultry true stomach
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| Rumen | large fermentation vat, papilla
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| Reticulum | hardware stomach/honeycomb
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| Omasum | many piles, filter, water abs
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| Abomasum | true stomach, acid, pepsin, mucin
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| Small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum- segmentation movement
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| Pyloric valve | sphincter, prevents food in duodenum
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| duodenum | SI 1
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| jejunum | SI 2
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| ileum | SI 3
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| Cecum | LI, post absorptive fermentation vat/cellulose
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| colon | LI, storage, absorption
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| large intestine | storage, abs water- ascending/transverse. descending colon
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| rectum |
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| anus |
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| cloaca |
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| crop | bottom of esophagus, grinds feed
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| cecae | pouch in large intestine, cecum
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| liver | produces bile
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| gall bladder | stores bile* if had
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| bile | emulsifies fat
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| bile duct | liver to gallbladder to duodenum
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| pancreas | lies along duodenum, hormones insulin and glucagon
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| pancreatic duct | joins pancreas and bile duct
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| Salivary amylase | saliva, starts CHO digestion in mouth, E
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| bicarbonate | saliva, buffers, increase pH, ruminants, E
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| HCl | activates pepsinogen to pepsin, digests, E
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| mucin | Lines stomach, protects from pepsin, E
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| rennin | stomach, coagulates milk, E
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| pepsinogen | secreted by stomach, converted into pepsin, E
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| pepsin | digests protein, E
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| gastric lipase | stomach, digest fat, E
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| intrinsic factor | stomach, facilitate B12 abs, E
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| carboxypeptidase | pancreas, digest protein, E
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| trypsin | pancreas, digest protein, E
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| chymotrypsin | pancreas, digest protein, E
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| pancreatic lipase | digest FAT, E
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| pancreatic amylase | digest CHO, E
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| bicarbonate | pancreas, buffer pH neutral, E
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| aminopeptidase | SI, digest polypeptides, E
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| sucrase | SI, digest sucrose, E
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| maltase | SI, digest maltose, E
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| lactase | SI, digest lactose, E
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| nucleotidases | SI, digest nucleotides, E
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| nucleosidases | SI, digest nucleosides, E
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| gastrin | pylorus into SI, acid secretion by gastric glands, H
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| gastric inhibitory polypeptide | duodenum, jejunum, from fatty acids plus bile, inhibition of gastric secretion/motility, H
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| secretin | duodenum, acid and peptones, stimulation of pancreatic secretions, H
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| cholecystokinin | duodenum, fat in duo., contraction of gall bladder, inhibits gastric acid, H
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| enterocrinin | jejunum, food digestion products, stimulates intestinal secretion, H
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| insulin | pancreas, lowers blood glucose, H
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| glucagon | pancreas, increases blood glucose, H
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| Where is fat digested, primarily, and how? What is needed to do a good job? | Mainly in the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver. Gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase digest fat, while bile emulsifies it allowing for easier digestion
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| Why don't the protein digesting enzymes digest the cells that make them? | Enzymes are produced in the inactive form and are later activated by HCl when needed
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| How is digestion of carbohydrate different in the ruminant animal (cow) than the nonruminant? | Instead of sugars, carbs are broken down into VFAs
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| How is digestion of protein different in the ruminant than the nonruminant? Be able to describe stepwise the events of protein and nonprotein nitrogen digestion and utilization in the ruminant, and explain why NPN is useless to nonruminants |
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| How do we determine the value of a feedstuff? How do we determine the value of its protein? of its energy? | We determine value of feedstuff via proximate analysis, crude protein through TDN kjeldahl method, energy is bomb calorimeter
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| What is meant by: protein digestibility, nitrogen balance, nitrogen retention, biological value, true digestibility or BV vs apparent digestibility or BV? |
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| What losses of nitrogen occur from the body? | Feces, urine, gas, heat increment
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| Why is the digestibility of nitrogen and the digestibility of protein the same thing? | - You get one from the other, you measure nitrogen but compute crude protein. Protein is measured from nitrogen amount, cancelation of the multiplication factor for CP
- Gonna get the same answer if you multiply all by 6.25 or just do the nitrogen values
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| What does 'endogenous' mean? How could you determine the endogenous secretion? | Endogenous means it originated in the body
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| What are the 2 different energy systems? | Caloric and TDN
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| What is TDN and how is it calculated? What is the lowest value you could have? What is the highest value you could have? how? | - Total Digestible Nutrients; an energy index on a carbohydrate equivalent
- 0
- 225, since you multiply fat by 2.25 for equivalent energy
- (%CP x digestibility) + (%EE x 2.25 x digestibility) + (%CF x digestibility) + (%NFE x digestibility)
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| What is gross energy, digestible energy, metabolisable energy, net energy? What is the | - GE: all energy in a feed
- DE: all energy in a feed minus feces
- ME: all energy in a feed minus feces, urine, and gasses
- NE: all energy in a feed minus feces, urine, gasses, and heat increment
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| Why is fat of more value in the summer when it is hot? | It has a lower heat increment than carbs, making heat dispersion more efficient
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| What is the heat increment? | Energy lost in fermentation and metabolic processes
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| How could 2 feeds have the same TDN and DE values, but be of different energy use to the animal? | - It is due to energy, because digestible energy does not account for heat increment
- Feeds had different net energies, the reason why we do net energies (what can the animals use)
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| How could a feed be of little protein value even though its biological value is high? | Poor digestibility
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| How could a feed be of little protein value even though its digestibility is high? | Poor biological value
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| What does biological value depend on, or what is it indicative of (and the answer is not digestibility) | Retention of digestible protein, protein quality
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| What is NPN? What are some examples? Where is it useful? | - Non-protein nitrogen, urea
- Used by microorganisms in the rumen, synthesize amino acids
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| On what basis would you evaluate the protein in a feed for cattle? for hogs? Why the difference? | Crude protein for cattle, lysine/BV for hogs, limiting amino acid
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| What are the major cereal grains? Which of them are highest in energy, next highest in energy, lowest in energy? What is their general protein content, protein quality, mineral content, vitamin content? | - Corn, wheat, barley, oats, milo, rye
- Low protein quantity and quality generally <20%
- High energy
- P is fair, Ca poor
- Low: A, D, B2, B12, Pantothenic acid
- Fair: Thiamine, Niacin, E
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| Why do we feed corn to livestock? | Widely available, high yield, high energy
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| What is opaque-2 corn? Who discovered it? What impact has it had on livestock feeding? on human feeding? What other genetic changes to the endosperm have implications for livestock feeding? | Genetically selected strain of corn for higher protein content, researcher at purdue, little since it’s too variable in protein to be widely used, could make yellow 2 corn more protein and vitamin rich
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| What is tannin and what feed is it present in? ergot? gossypol? trypsin inhibitor? aflatoxin? | - Tannin: protein-binding compound that makes woody plants difficult for animals (mainly birds) to digest - milo
- Ergot: a psychoactive alkaloid that can cause dry gangrene - rye
- Gossypol: toxic, can be canceled by ferrous sulfate - cottonseed
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| What is tannin and what feed is it present in? ergot? gossypol? trypsin inhibitor? aflatoxin? | - Trypsin inhibitor: inhibits digestion - raw soybeans
- Aflatoxin: deadly mycotoxin - peanut meal
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| What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with: soybean? cottonseed? Rye? grain sorghum? wheat? oats? barley? peanut meal? blood meal? | - Soybean: Hulls contain urease if not pressed, trypsin inhibitor if not heated
- Cottonseed: low protein, toxic gossypol
- Rye: ergot
- Milo: tannin, requires processing, low lysine
- Wheat: high P
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| What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with: soybean? cottonseed? Rye? grain sorghum? wheat? oats? barley? peanut meal? blood meal? | - Oats: low yield
- Barley: not all lysine is available, low energy, less popular
- Peanut meal: aflatoxin
- Blood meal: use to be low quality and unpalatable
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| What is meant by grain quality? | Determined by combination of test weight, level of foreign material, color, fines and kernels, moisture, level of energy, level of protein (lysine), and availability of nutrients
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| What is the effect of test weight on livestock feeding? | Little to no effect
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| What are the major mycotoxins affecting livestock, and the fungal organisms that produce them? | - Deoxynivalenol: gibberella zea (feed refusal)
- Zearalenone: gibberella zea (estrogenic)
- Aflatoxin: aspergillus flavus (deadly carcinogenic)
- Flumonison: Fusarium moniliforme (kills horses)
- Ergot: claviceps purpurea (unpalatable-rye)
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| What are the methods of processing corn, wheat? What are the major byproducts of corn milling? wheat milling? What animals are they usually fed to and why. | - Corn: dry corn milling, wet corn milling
-- Corn bran, corn germ meal, hominy / corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed
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| What are the methods of processing corn, wheat? What are the major byproducts of corn milling? wheat milling? What animals are they usually fed to and why. | - Wheat: depends on type & food use
-- Wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat millrun, shorts, red dog, wheat germ
- Cattle usually fed by products, palatable for them moreso
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| What are the byproducts of the brewing industry and what are their characteristics? | Brewers grains (left of barleyCP), spent hops(like brussels sprouts), brewers dried yeast (vitamin source), malt sprouts (soaked barley sprouts)
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| What are the byproducts of the distilling industry and what are their characteristics? | Distillers grains (left after alc is removed from grain), distillers dried grains with solubles(alc product for gas replacement), distillers dried yeast
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| What protein supplements are good substitutes for soybean meal? | - Canola meal
- Cottonseed meal, peanut meal, fish meal (all in moderation)
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| What other oilseed meals are protein supplements (other than SBM) and what are their attributes? | - Cottonseed meal, gossypol,
- Linseed meal, from flax, hair coat
- Sunflower meal, after oil is out
- Safflower, high in polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Rapeseed, erucic acid and myrosinase enzyme danger, cool climates
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| What other oilseed meals are protein supplements (other than SBM) and what are their attributes? | - Canola, omega, improved rapeseed
- Peanut meat, aflatoxin, soft carcass, fed to all
- Copra, variable
- Camelina, recent approved by FDA, poultry
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| Why is SBM heated? | To remove trypsin inhibitor
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| What makes the difference between 44 and 48.5% SBM? | 44% hulled SBM, 48.5% dehulled SBM
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| What protein supplements are made from byproducts of the meat packing industry? from fish and fowl? What are their feeding values? | - Tankage, varies
- Meat meal, CP, lysine
- Blood meal, CP
- Feather meal, cp
- Fish meal, cp, amino acids
- Overall: high cp, high lysine, low in sulfur amino acids and tryptophan
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| What other by-product feeds are used for feeding livestock? | - Feed screenings
- Cereal waste
- Bakery waste
- Molasses
- Spent hops
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| What are the major byproducts fed to livestock from:corn processing by dry milling and corn processing by wet milling wheat processing? | - Dry: corn bran, corn germ meal
- Wet: corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed
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| Which livestock is the following usually fed to and for what purpose: corn gluten meal | Cows, protein can only be digested by ruminants, also very slowly
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| corn gluten feed, | Cows, quickly digested by ruminants
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| wheat middlings, | Cows, high energy and cellulose
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| wheat bran. | Swine, good filler to feed and slow weight gain
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| Why feed corn gluten meal to chickens? | Enhance egg yolk color, bird grows better, methionine
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| Why is xanthophyll wanted in some poultry rations? What things are used to provide it? | - It has carotene, so it will make a darker egg yolk
- Corn, leafy greens
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| What sources of fat are most common in livestock diets? | Soybeans, oilseeds, waste products
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| What are oat groats? | Kernel of oat after hull is removed (oatmeal purified)
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| What is ergot? What feed does it most often affect? | Psychoactive alkaloid that can cause dry gangrene and hallucinations, rye
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| What is canola? What are it's advantages and disadvantages (compared to what)? What protein supplements are lowest in lysine? highest in lysine? | - Protein oilseed source, refined version of rapeseed
- Palatable, high omega 3 10%, omega 6 16%,
- High lysine: rapeseed, sunflower, peanut
- Low lysine: safflower
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| What feeding precautions would you follow regarding urea? What is urea used for as a feed? | Can be toxic, NPN
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| What is the value of molasses relative to corn, in energy? in protein? What does molasses come from? | - 70% energy, 50% protein
- By product of sugar production
-- Sugarcane, sugarbeets, citrus fruits, wood
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | Know several feeds in each category: grains, byproduct feeds (know the correct name
for some of them and know quite a few), protein supplements.
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | BONE MEAL is NOT a protein supplement, it is a mineral, MEAT & BONE MEAL is the protein supplement.
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | REVIEW AGAIN the enzymes, where they come from and what they do. Also check the digestive hormones. Rennin is an enzyme, from the stomach (or abomasum) that coagulates protein. Don’t confuse it with renin
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | Look at a diagram of the ruminant stomach and get in mind the relationship of its parts.
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | Oil (from whatever source, soybean, cottonseed, canola) is NOT A PROTEIN source; the MEAL from those plant seeds, after oil extraction, is a protein source.
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| SOME HINTS and STUDY ADVICE: | I’ll leave this statement here. How do you balance a ration for an animal?????????????? (ie know all about it) especially how to determine the amount of corn and SBM to provide a given level of protein,
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| where does the enzyme carboxypeptidase come from in the pig? | pancreas
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| where does the enzyme pepsin come from in the pig or rat? | stomach
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| where does the enzyme pepsin come from in the cow | abomasum
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| where does most of the fermentation take place in the cow | rumen
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| where does most of the fermentation take place in the horse | cecum
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| where does particle size reduction take place in the chicken | gizzard
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| what compartment of the ruminant helps retain material in the rumen and keeps large particles from moving down the tract too soon | omasum
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| what compartment of the ruminant compares to the stomach of the pig | abomasum
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| what compartment of the ruminant stomach has a honeycomb-like lining and helps in regurgitation and eructation | reticulum
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| what hormone lowers blood sugar by helping get glucose into cells | insulin
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| what hormone helps fat digestion by reducing stomach activity and increasing the secretion of substances that digest fat | CCK
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| which enzyme from the list is from the pancreas and digests proteins | carboxypeptidase
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| which substance emulsifies fat | bile
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| which hormone simulates stomach activity | gastrin
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| microbes in the rumen produce cellulase and can digest fiber t/f | t
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| microbes in the rumen produce cellulase to digest lignin | f
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| microbes in the rumen break carbohydrates down to simple sugars that are then absorbed | f, VFAs
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| microbes in the rumen produce all b vitamins cattle normally need | t
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| microbes in the rumen break down proteins and use products to build amino acids, including essential amino acids, to build bacterial protein | t
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| microbes in the rumen convert most of the fat in the diet to saturated fatty acids | t
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| which energy fraction contains all the energy obtained when a feed sample is combusted in a paar adiabatic bomb calorimeter | gross energy
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| which energy fraction is used for productive purposes by the animal | net energy
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| which energy fraction is obtained by accounting for energy loss in feces, urine, and gas | metabolizable energy
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| which energy term is energy on a carbohydrate equivalent basis | TDN
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| if 3000 g is fed, 1 g sample in calorimeter w/ 1000g water, temperature rise is 2.7 C, what is GE in kcal? | 2.7 x 3000 = 8100 kcal
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| for what animals is urea fed as a npn source | ruminants only
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| an indication of the amino acid balance of a protein that can be obtained just by measuring nitrogen in feed, feces, and urine | BV
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| a dangerous and toxic potential effect of feeding too much urea | ammonia
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| proportion of nitrogen retained as a percentage of that digested | BV
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| the source of protein in the feed that provides for bacterial growth in the cow | DIP
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| a substitute for protein in the feed that provides for bacterial needs for growth | npn
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| feed intake 4kg feed contains 2000 kcal/kg feces amount = 1.2kg feces contains 1300 kcal/kg urine amount = 600 ml urine contains 1 kcal/ml heat increment = 240 find: dry matter digestibility % | (4 - 1.2)/4 x 100 = 70%
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| feed contains 2000 kcal/kg feces amount = 1.2kg feces contains 1300 kcal/kg urine amount = 600 ml urine contains 1 kcal/ml heat increment = 240 find: DE % | 4 x 2000 = 8000
1.2 x 1300 = 1560
8000-1560 = 6440
(8000-1560)/8000 x 100= 80.5 %
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| feed contains 2000 kcal/kg feces amount = 1.2kg feces contains 1300 kcal/kg urine amount = 600 ml urine contains 1 kcal/ml heat increment = 240 find: ME % | 600 x 1 = 600
6440 -600 = (5840/8000) x 100 = 73%
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| feed contains 2000 kcal/kg feces amount = 1.2kg feces contains 1300 kcal/kg urine amount = 600 ml urine contains 1 kcal/ml heat increment = 240 find: Net energy, kcal/kg | 5840 - 240 = (5600/4) = 1400 kcal/kg
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| Nitrogen consumed = 175 g total fecal N = 35 g metabolic fecal N = 9g Total urinary N = 75g endogenous urinary N = 5g find: apparent N digestibility % | 175 - 35 = 140
140/175 = 0.8 x 100 = 80%
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| Nitrogen consumed = 175 g total fecal N = 35 g metabolic fecal N = 9g Total urinary N = 75g endogenous urinary N = 5g find: true N digestibility % | (175 - (35-9)/175) = (149/175) x 100 = 85.14%
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| Nitrogen consumed = 175 g total fecal N = 35 g metabolic fecal N = 9g Total urinary N = 75g endogenous urinary N = 5g find: apparent biological value | ((175 - 35 - 75)/ (175 - 35)) = 65/140 x 100 = 46.4%
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| Protein that enters the rumen is of two types, DIP and UIP. Which of the two is it more important that it have a good amino acid balance? | UIP
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| To have a high biological value a protein must have a high digestibility | F
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| What factor has the most influence on the Biological Value of a feed? | amino acid pattern
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| Select all the hormones in the list that help control the digestive process. | secretin, gastrin, cck
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| Intrinsic factor is needed to | absorb Vitamin B12
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| what enzymes are secreted from the pancreas to digest protein | Carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin
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| Food doesn't move through the pancreas; enzymes from there are secreted into the small intestine | T
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| Where does most of the VFA formation and absorption take place in the cow? | rumen
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| What organ produces enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats and proteins and also produces hormones that control blood sugar level? | pancreas
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| What is the organ called in chickens that corresponds to the stomach of the pig? | proventriculus
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| What compartment of the cow's stomach keeps feed particles from moving on too quickly until fermentation is complete or particle size is small enough? | omasum
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| A bomb calorimeter is used to: | determine energy content
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| TDN is most like | DE
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| Corn gluten meal can be fed to chickens, pigs, dogs and other animals but what is a reason to feed it to chickens that would not apply to feeding it to pigs or dogs? | It contains xanthophylls that add color to egg yolks and flesh making it appealing
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| What is Opaque-2 corn? | corn with more LYSINE
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| Why is fat used more efficiently than carbohydrate in summer when temperatures are hot? | Heat increment of fat is lower
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| Which grain often contains tannin which must be processed to remove, or counteracted? | milo
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| Which grain has a standard weight of 60 pounds/bushel? | wheat
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| Which grain has a standard weight of 32 pounds/bushel? | oats
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| What organism produces a toxin that has very strong feed refusal effects on pigs? | Fusarium roseum (Gibberella zeae or GIB)
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| What fungus produces a deadly, carcinogenic mycotoxin? | Aspergillus flavus
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| protein supplement feeds? | SBM, linseed meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal
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| An index of energy on a carbohydrate basis | TDN
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| Amount of feed = 2 Kg Kcal/Kg of feed = 3000 Amount of feces = 0.75 Kg Kcal/Kg of feces = 2000 Amount of urine = 300 ml Kcal/ml of urine = 2 Heat Increment = 240 Calculate the %DE | (2)(3000) - (.75)(2000) divided by (2)(3000) times 100 = 75%
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| Amount of feed = 2 Kg Kcal/Kg of feed = 3000 Amount of feces = 0.75 Kg Kcal/Kg of feces = 2000 Amount of urine = 300 ml Kcal/ml of urine = 2 Heat Increment = 240 Calculate the DE in Kcal/Kg | (2)(3000) - (.75)(2000) divided by 2 Kg = 2250 Kcal/Kg
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| Amount of feed = 2 Kg Kcal/Kg of feed = 3000 Amount of feces = 0.75 Kg Kcal/Kg of feces = 2000 Amount of urine = 300 ml Kcal/ml of urine = 2 Heat Increment = 240 Calculate the ME in Kcal/Kg | (2)(3000) - (.75)(2000) - (300)(2) divided by 2 Kg = 1950 Kcal/Kg
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| Amount of feed = 2 Kg Kcal/Kg of feed = 3000 Amount of feces = 0.75 Kg Kcal/Kg of feces = 2000 Amount of urine = 300 ml Kcal/ml of urine = 2 Heat Increment = 240 Calculate the % Net Energy | (2)(3000) - (.75)(2000) - (300)(2) - 240 divided by (2)(3000) times 100 = 61%
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| N intake 180 g N in feces 40 g Metabolic fecal N 11 g N in urine 25 g Endogenous Urinary N 6 g Calculate the % Apparent Biological Value | 180 - 40 - 25
--------------- x 100 = 82.1%
180 - 40
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| N intake 180 g N in feces 40 g Metabolic fecal N 11 g N in urine 25 g Endogenous Urinary N 6 g Calculate the % True Nitrogen Digestibility | (180 - (40-11)) divided by 180 = 83.89%
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| describe the difference in carbohydrate digestion in a pig versus a cow | Carbohydrates in a pig are digested by digestive enzymes to sugars that are absorbed in the small intestine, while carbohydrates in a cow are mostly broken down by microbes in the rumen to VFA's that are absorbed through the rumen wall.
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| How could 2 feeds have the same TDN value, and even the same DE value, but still be of different use to the animal due to energy | They have different heat increments.
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