Century 2030-8
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| organization | Group of people working together in some concerted or coordinated effort to attain objectives.
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| organizing | Grouping of activities necessary to attain common objectives and the assignment of each grouping to a manager who has authority necessary to supervise the people performing the activities.
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| informal organization | Aggregate of the personal contacts and interactions and the associated groupings of people working within the formal organization.
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| empowerment | Form of decentralization in which subordinates have authority to make decisions.
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| decentralization | A great deal of authority is delegated to lower levels of management.
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| centralization | Little authority is delegated to lower levels of management.
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| span of management | Number of subordinates a manager can effectively manage; also called span of control.
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| scalar principle | States that authority in the organization flows through the chain of managers one link at a time, ranging from the highest to the lowest ranks; also called the chain of command.
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| unity of command principle | States that an employee should have one, and only one, immediate manager.
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| exception principle | States that managers should concentrate on matters that diviate significantly from normal and let subordinates handle routine matters; also called management by exception.
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| parity princle | States that authority and responsibility coincide.
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| authority | Legitimate excercise of power; the right to issue directives and expend resources; related to power but narrower in scope.
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| responsibility | Accountability for the attainment of objectives, the use of resources, and the adherence to organizational policy.
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| job depth | Refers to the freedom of employees to plan and organize their own work, work at their own pace, and move around and communicate as desired.
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| job scope | Refers to the number of different types of operations performed on the job.
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| power | Ability to influence, command, or apply force.
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