Nervous & Endocrine Systems
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| nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells
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| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
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| nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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| sensory (afferent) neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
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| motor (efferent) neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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| somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. (Also called the skeletal nervous system)
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)
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| sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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| parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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| reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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| endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
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| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
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| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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| hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sexual behavior), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward
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| insulin | secreted by the pancreas to regulate glucose in the body
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| adrenaline | secreted by the adrenal glands during activation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as the fight or flight response, which elevates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
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| testosterone | secreted by the testes to regulate male reproduction and puberty
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| estrogen | secreted by the ovaries to regulate female reproduction and puberty
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