Montgomery College CHEM 101 Chapter 4
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| Stoichiometry | A study of quantitative relations between reactants and products in chemical equations
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| Reaction Yields | Theoretical yield Actual yield Precent yield
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| Theoretical Yield | The amount of product that should form based on the limiting reagent and the stoichiometry involved
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| Actual Yield | The actual amount of product does form
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| Precent Yield | % Yield= actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
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| Limiting Reactants | a reactant that has the smallest stoichiometric amount in a reactant mixture and consequently limits the amount of the product in a chemical reaction.
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| Determining Limiting Reactant | determine the amount of product that could be formed by each reactant. The reactant which results in the least amount of product is the limiting reactant
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| 5 Common types of reactions | 1. Combustions 2. Combination 3. Decomposition 4. Single Replacement 5. Double Replacement
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| Combustion | combination of anything with oxygen
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| Balancing Combustion Reactions involving only C and H or compounds containing only C H and O | 1. O2 is a reactant 2. CO2 and H2O are products 3. Balance C first 4. Balance H second 5. Balance O last
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| Combination (Synthesis) | 2 substances combine to form one product
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| Decomposition | One compound decomposes into several elements or compounds
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| Decomposition with Metal Carbonates | decomposes to form CO2 and the metal oxide
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| SIngle Replacement | one element replaces another element in a compound. THis type of reaction occurs mainly in solutions
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| Double Displacement | 2 compounds exchange partners. COmmonly called an "exchange reaction". These are important in solutions. Precipitation commonly occur
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| Four types of Double Displacement | 1. Precipitation Reaction 2. Gas Forming Reaction 3. Acid/Base Reaction 4. Oxidation Reduction Reaction
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| Precipitation Reaction | A solid forms
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| Gas Reaction | H or OH will produce water -Sulfides - Carbonates produce water and CO2 -Sulfites produce water and SO2 -Ammonium produce water and NH3
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| Acid/base reactions | H and OH produce water
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| Reactions in Aqueous Solutions | Solution and Solute
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| Solution | homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances
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| Solute | substance that disolves
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| electrolyte |
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| if it dissociates in water | it conducts electricity
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| strong electrolyte | ionic compounds that dissociate completely in solutions which conducts electricity very well (salts, strong acids, strong bases).
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| Strong acids | HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HNO3, H2SO4
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| Strong bases | Group IA, IIA metal hydroxides except Be
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| Strong Salts | NA+, K+, NH4+, NO3-
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| Weak Electrolytes | weak acids/weak bases that only partially dissociate in solution (also most insoluble salts) NH3, HC2H3O2
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| Non Electrolytes | substances that do not dissociate at all, they dissolve, but do not separate into ion and do not conduct electricity (nonmetals, covalent (molecular) compounds) like sugar and alcohols
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| Water | is a polar molecule. it has a negative end ad a positive end. because of this it dissociates ionic substances
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| solubility | Salts of 1A, NO3-, NH4+ will always dissolve
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| strong electrolytes | dissociate 100% in water
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| Arrhenius definition | an acid is a substance that produces H+ in solutions. A base is a substance that produces OH-in solution
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| strong acids***** | HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4
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| Weak acids**** | Dissociate only 5-10%-- HC2H3O2, H2CO3, H3PO4
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| Strong bases**** | NaOH, KOH, (Group IA and IIA, except Be)
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| Weak Bases**** | NH3
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| HCl | Hydrochloric acid
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| HBr | Hydrobromic acid
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| HI | Hydroiodic Acid
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| HNO3 | Nitric Acid
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| H2SO4 | Sulfuric Acid
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| HClO4 | Perchloric acid
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| HC2H3O2 | Acetic Acid WEAK ACID
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| HF | Hydrofluroic acid WEAK ACID
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| NaOH | Sodium Hydroxide
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| LiOH | Lithium hydroxide
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| KOH | Potassium Hydroxide
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| Ca(OH)2 | Calcium Hydroxide
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| Ba(OH)2 | Barium Hydroxide
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| NH3 | Ammonia WEAK BASE
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| Ionic equations | do not break up solid, liquid and gases--balance charges---
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| Net ionic equations | list everything that changes in state, charge or
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| neutralizations | reaction between acid and base. acid and metal hydroxide produces water and a salt
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| Molarity | Moles solute/ liters solution
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| Dilutions | M1xV1=M2xV2
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