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MC CHEM 101 Ch 4
Montgomery College CHEM 101 Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stoichiometry | A study of quantitative relations between reactants and products in chemical equations |
| Reaction Yields | Theoretical yield Actual yield Precent yield |
| Theoretical Yield | The amount of product that should form based on the limiting reagent and the stoichiometry involved |
| Actual Yield | The actual amount of product does form |
| Precent Yield | % Yield= actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 |
| Limiting Reactants | a reactant that has the smallest stoichiometric amount in a reactant mixture and consequently limits the amount of the product in a chemical reaction. |
| Determining Limiting Reactant | determine the amount of product that could be formed by each reactant. The reactant which results in the least amount of product is the limiting reactant |
| 5 Common types of reactions | 1. Combustions 2. Combination 3. Decomposition 4. Single Replacement 5. Double Replacement |
| Combustion | combination of anything with oxygen |
| Balancing Combustion Reactions involving only C and H or compounds containing only C H and O | 1. O2 is a reactant 2. CO2 and H2O are products 3. Balance C first 4. Balance H second 5. Balance O last |
| Combination (Synthesis) | 2 substances combine to form one product |
| Decomposition | One compound decomposes into several elements or compounds |
| Decomposition with Metal Carbonates | decomposes to form CO2 and the metal oxide |
| SIngle Replacement | one element replaces another element in a compound. THis type of reaction occurs mainly in solutions |
| Double Displacement | 2 compounds exchange partners. COmmonly called an "exchange reaction". These are important in solutions. Precipitation commonly occur |
| Four types of Double Displacement | 1. Precipitation Reaction 2. Gas Forming Reaction 3. Acid/Base Reaction 4. Oxidation Reduction Reaction |
| Precipitation Reaction | A solid forms |
| Gas Reaction | H or OH will produce water -Sulfides - Carbonates produce water and CO2 -Sulfites produce water and SO2 -Ammonium produce water and NH3 |
| Acid/base reactions | H and OH produce water |
| Reactions in Aqueous Solutions | Solution and Solute |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances |
| Solute | substance that disolves |
| electrolyte | |
| if it dissociates in water | it conducts electricity |
| strong electrolyte | ionic compounds that dissociate completely in solutions which conducts electricity very well (salts, strong acids, strong bases). |
| Strong acids | HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HNO3, H2SO4 |
| Strong bases | Group IA, IIA metal hydroxides except Be |
| Strong Salts | NA+, K+, NH4+, NO3- |
| Weak Electrolytes | weak acids/weak bases that only partially dissociate in solution (also most insoluble salts) NH3, HC2H3O2 |
| Non Electrolytes | substances that do not dissociate at all, they dissolve, but do not separate into ion and do not conduct electricity (nonmetals, covalent (molecular) compounds) like sugar and alcohols |
| Water | is a polar molecule. it has a negative end ad a positive end. because of this it dissociates ionic substances |
| solubility | Salts of 1A, NO3-, NH4+ will always dissolve |
| strong electrolytes | dissociate 100% in water |
| Arrhenius definition | an acid is a substance that produces H+ in solutions. A base is a substance that produces OH-in solution |
| strong acids***** | HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4 |
| Weak acids**** | Dissociate only 5-10%-- HC2H3O2, H2CO3, H3PO4 |
| Strong bases**** | NaOH, KOH, (Group IA and IIA, except Be) |
| Weak Bases**** | NH3 |
| HCl | Hydrochloric acid |
| HBr | Hydrobromic acid |
| HI | Hydroiodic Acid |
| HNO3 | Nitric Acid |
| H2SO4 | Sulfuric Acid |
| HClO4 | Perchloric acid |
| HC2H3O2 | Acetic Acid WEAK ACID |
| HF | Hydrofluroic acid WEAK ACID |
| NaOH | Sodium Hydroxide |
| LiOH | Lithium hydroxide |
| KOH | Potassium Hydroxide |
| Ca(OH)2 | Calcium Hydroxide |
| Ba(OH)2 | Barium Hydroxide |
| NH3 | Ammonia WEAK BASE |
| Ionic equations | do not break up solid, liquid and gases--balance charges--- |
| Net ionic equations | list everything that changes in state, charge or |
| neutralizations | reaction between acid and base. acid and metal hydroxide produces water and a salt |
| Molarity | Moles solute/ liters solution |
| Dilutions | M1xV1=M2xV2 |
Created by:
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