Study Set for Exam
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| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| Critical Thinking | The process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information
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| Psychoanalytic Perspective | An earlier approach to psychology developed by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes analysis and bringing unconscious processes, unresolved conflicts, and past experiences
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| Wilhelm Wundt | Generally acknowledged as the "father of psychology" he established the first psychological laboratory
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| Edward Titchener | Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of structuralist school of psychology
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| William James | Founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. Considered to be the "father of American Psychology"
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| Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
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| Structuralism | Tried to identify the basic building blocks of life through introspection (Failed)
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| Functionalism | Study of the way the mind functions to enable humans and other animals to adapt to their environment
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| Psychodynamic Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes unconscious dynamics, motives, conflicts and past experiences; based on the psychoanalytic approach, but focuses more on social and cultural factors, and less on sexual drives.
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| Behavioral Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes objective, observable, environmental influences on overt behavior.
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| Humanistic Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that perceives human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking; it emphasizes free will and self-actualization.
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| Cognitive Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that focuses on the mental processes used in thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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| Biological Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that focuses on genetics and biological processes.
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| Evolutionary Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that stresses natural selection, adaptation, and reproduction.
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| Sociocultural Perspective | A modern approach to psychology that emphasizes social interactions and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes.
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| B.F. Skinner | Developed the theory of behaviorism
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| John Watson | Developed behaviorism
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| Self-actualization | The humanistic term for the inborn drive to develop all ones talents and capabilities
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| Free will | The idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior
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| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow | Central figures with the humanistic perspective
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| Positive Psychology | The study of optimal human functioning; emphasizes positive emotions, traits, and institutions.
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| Information-processing approach | AN approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory
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| Mary Calkins | One of the first women recognized in psychology, and William James student. Became the president of APA
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| Francis Cesil Sumner | First black person to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology
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| Kenneth B. Clark | First Person of color to be elected as the president of APA
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| Biopsychosocial model | An integrative, unifying theme of modern psychology that sees biological, psychological, and social processes as interrelated and interacting influences.
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| Comparative Psychologist | Behavior and mental processes of nonhuman animals; evolution and cross species comparisons
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| Forensic Psychologist | Applies principles of psychology to the legal system
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| Basic Research | A type of research primarily conducted to advance core scientific knowledge; most often conducted in universities and research laboratories.
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| Applied Research | A type of research primarily conducted to solve practical, real world problems; generally conducted outside the laboratory.
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| Scientific Method | The cyclical and cumulative research process used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable results.
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| Hypothesis | A tentative and testable explanation, or educated guess, about the relationship between two or more variables; a testable prediction or question.
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| Operational Definiton | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be observed, manipulated, and measured
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| Statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that a study's result occurred merely by chance.
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| Step 1 of the scientific method | Question and literature review - Identify the question of interest
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| Step 2 of the scientific method | Testable Hypothesis - Develop a testable hypothesis based on the question of interest
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| Step 3 of the scientific method | Research design - Choose the best of the three research methods to test your hypothesis
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| Step 4 of the scientific method | Data collection and analysis - Collect data from the experiment and determine if it is statistically significant
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| Step 5 of the scientific method | Publication - Write study results, and have them peer reviewed and then published
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| Step 6 of the scientific method | Theory development - Other researches may propose new or additional ideas to be tested and improve the theory
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| Meta-analysis | A statistical technique for combining and analyzing data from many studies in order to determine overall trends.
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| Theory | A well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon or a group of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed by previous research.
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| Nature - Nurture controversy | An ongoing dispute about the relative contributions of heredity and environment in determining the development of behavior and mental processes.
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| Descriptive research | A type of research that systematically observes and records behavior and mental processes without manipulating variables
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| Naturalistic observation | A descriptive research technique that observes and records behavior and mental processes in a natural, real-world setting.
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| Survey/Interview | A descriptive research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and mental processes.
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| Case Study | A descriptive research technique involving an in-depth study of a single research participant or a small group of individuals.
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| Archival research | A descriptive research technique that studies existing data to find answers to research questions.
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| Descriptive method advantages | Minimizes artificiality, makes data collection easier, allows description of behavior and mental processes as they occur
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| Descriptive method disadvantages | Little to no control over variables, potential biases, cannot identify cause and effect
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| Correlational method advantages | Helps clarify relationships between variables that can't be examined by other methods and allows prediction
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| Correlational method disadvantages | Little to no control over variables, can't identify cause and effect, possible illusory correlation or third variable problem, and potential biases
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| Experimental method advantages | Allows researchers to have precise control over variables and provides explanation of the causes of behavior and mental processes
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| Experimental method disadvantages | Ethical concerns, practical limitations, artificiality of lab conditions
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| Laboratory observation | watching subjects in a controlled environment
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| Correlational research | A type of research that examines possible relations between variables; designed to meet the goal of prediction
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| Correlational coefficient | A number from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
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| Experimental research | A type of research that involves the manipulation and control of variables to determine its casual effect on the dependent variable
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| Independent variable | The variable that is manipulated and controlled by the experimenter to determine its causal effect on the dependent variable; also called the treatment variable.
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| Dependent variable | The variable that is observed and measured for change; that factor that is affected by the independent variable.
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| Experimental group | The group that is manipulated in an experiment; participants who are exposed to the independent variable.
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| Control group | The group that is not manipulated during an experiment; participants who are NOT exposed to the independent variable.
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| Sample bias | A bias that may occur when research participants are unrepresentative of the larger population.
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| Random assignment | A research technique for assigning participants to experimental or control conditions so that each participant has an equal chance of being in either group; minimizes the possibility of biases or preexisting differences within or between the groups.
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| Confounding variable | A variable not being studied associated with both the dependent and independent variable
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| Experimenter bias | A bias that occurs when a researcher influences research results in the expected direction.
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| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's culture is typical of all cultures; also, viewing one's own ethnic group as central and "correct" and judging others according to this standard.
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| Participant bias | A bias that occurs when a research participant contaminates research results.
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| Single-blind study | An experimental technique in which only the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups.
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| Double-blind study | An experimental technique in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups.
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| Placebo | An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique in experiments; often used in drug research.
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| APA reg Informed consent | Subjects are given information about the experiment before it takes place
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| APA reg Voluntary participation | subjects have decided to be part of the experiment, but can leave at any time
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| APA reg Restricted use of deception and debriefing | Most of the time deception is restricted, however when it is necessary, there is a mandatory debriefing where the subjects are told everything that happened during the experiment
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| APA reg Confidentiality | Any of the subjects personal information will not be publicized or given out
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| Correlation isn't causation | A third variable has formed a connection between the two variables that makes the two variables seem connected to eachother
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