1a. Pharmacology Midterm review ch 1-10
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| What is the rate-limiting factor for drug distribution? | show 🗑
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| What term is used to describe a drug which binds to a receptor and has an action similar to that of an endogenous chemical? | show 🗑
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| show | enzymes, transport proteins, and nucleic acids
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| By what process can one drug increase the metabolism of both itself and other drugs? | show 🗑
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| show | nonionized
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| show | synergism
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| What term is used to describe the phemomenon in which elevating a dose of drug no longer improves the clinical effect for that drug? | show 🗑
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| What term is used to describe the strength by which a particular messenger binds to its receptor site? | show 🗑
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| show | pharmacokinetics
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| What term is used to describe a severe response to a chemical that is characterized by life-threatening respiratory distress and shock? | show 🗑
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| An all-inclusive effect on the whole body is also called a(n)______ effect. | show 🗑
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| show | kidney and liver
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| show | The drug loses an electron and gains an oxygen atom.
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| How does grapefruit interact with certain drugs? | show 🗑
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| show | alcohol
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| show | They have a large surface area from which to absorb drugs.
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| show | 12 hours
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| In what way are the capillaries in the central nervous system (CNS) different from other capillaries? | show 🗑
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| show | The fraction of an administered dose that is available to the target tissue.
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| What does the abbreviation ADME stand for? | show 🗑
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| What is the most serious allergic reaction to penicillins? | show 🗑
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| show | killing the bacteria without harming the patient.
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| What bacterial pathway do sulfonamides interfere with? | show 🗑
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| show | metabolism
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| Which of the following is an example of a gram-positive bacterium and infection it causes? | show 🗑
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| show | white blood cell count above 12,000 and fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit.
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| show | It inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria.
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| By which century were the organisms that cause cholera, syphilis, and leprosy isolated and identified? | show 🗑
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| show | vancomycin
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| show | It should be stored in clear glass containers.
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| What was the first true class of antibiotics? | show 🗑
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| What term is used to describe antibiotic treatment that is begun before the results of the organism culture have been returned? | show 🗑
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| show | tetracyclines
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| Which of the following drugs is classified as a macrolide? | show 🗑
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| What are the bacteria that require oxygen to survive known as? | show 🗑
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| show | destruction of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes
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| What type of infections are aminoglycosides such as amikacin or kanamycin used to treat? | show 🗑
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| Why should the counting tray be swabbed with alcohol after dispensing an antibiotic? | show 🗑
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| When this drug is dispensed, a "Do not drink alcohol" sticker must be attached to the container. | show 🗑
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| show | improved activity against gram-negative bacteria
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| Why is it more difficult to develop antiviral drugs than it is to develop antibiotics? | show 🗑
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| show | nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), protease inhibitor (PI), and fusion inhibitor
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| show | Antifungals interfere with the synthesis of ergosterol, a building block for fungal cell membranes.
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| show | herpes
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| show | Antibiotics may kill the body's natural flora, which tend to keep fungi in check.
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| Which of the following antifungal drugs should be taken with a fatty meal and can be used safely in children? | show 🗑
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| What is a route by which most common viruses spread? | show 🗑
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| show | herpes and HIV
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| What is a common target of fungal infections? | show 🗑
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| What is another name for an individual virus particle? | show 🗑
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| What is becoming a common dosing method for treating fungal nail infections? | show 🗑
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| show | rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir
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| Which drug or drug class listed below is least likely to be used to treat side effects associated with amphotericin B? | show 🗑
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| show | amantadine
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| Which of the following drugs acts by preventing the HIV virus from entering immune cells? | show 🗑
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| What aspect of the fungal cell wall is affected by amphotericin B? | show 🗑
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| show | immunoglobulin
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| show | viroconazole
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| How are fungal and human cells similar? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following drugs is classified as a nucloside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)? | show 🗑
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| show | sumatriptan (Imitrex)
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| show | cocaine
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| show | morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and meperidine
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| Which of the following drugs can be used to reverse the effects of a narcotic? | show 🗑
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| Which narcotic is the standard against which all other narcotics are measured or compared? | show 🗑
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| What is not an aspect of balanced anesthesia? | show 🗑
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| What neurotransmitter is also known as adrenaline? | show 🗑
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| What is the only neuromuscular blocker that acts via a depolarizing mechanism? | show 🗑
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| What class of drugs can be used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following general anesthetics is administered intravenously? | show 🗑
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| What class of drugs may be used to treat migraine headaches? | show 🗑
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| show | pain perception
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| show | benzodiazepines
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| show | vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure
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| What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | show 🗑
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| Which drug listed below can be administered as a nasal spray to treat a migraine attack? | show 🗑
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| What did the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) define, in 2001, as the "fifth" vital sign? | show 🗑
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| show | dependence
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| What ate the primary opiate receptors associated with analgesia? | show 🗑
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| show | fentanyl (Actiq)
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| Fluoxetine is an example of an antidepressant that appears to work through which of the following mechanisms? | show 🗑
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| What drug used to treat alcohol addiction interferes with the metabolism of ethanol? | show 🗑
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| show | selegiline (Eldepryl)
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| show | antipsychotics
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| show | dopamine and serotonin
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| show | olanzapine (Zyprexa)
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| show | nausea and vomiting, delirium tremens (DTs), hallucinations, and sweating
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| Which of the following drugs is not a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor? | show 🗑
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| show | MAOIs
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| show | benztropine (Cogentin)
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| With which psychiatric disorder do patients suffer from alternating episodes of major depression and mild-to-severe agitation? | show 🗑
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| Which drug used to treat depression is also used for smoking cessation? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following antianziety drugs is not a benzodiazepine? | show 🗑
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| show | diphenhydramine
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| show | benzodiazepines
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| show | gastrointestinal-nausea, vomiting, and anorexia; neuromuscular-tremors; weight- weight gain; renal- increased thirst and urination
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| show | imipramine
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| During which stages of sleep does dreaming occur? | show 🗑
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| show | endogenous
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| What drug can be used as an alternative to lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly with rapid cyclers? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following drugs has been shown to improve the cognitive function and social behavior of Alzheimer's patients and is sold over the counter? | show 🗑
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| What dopamine precursor is used to treat Parkinson patients? | show 🗑
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| show | phenobarbital (Luminal) and phenytoin (Dilantin)
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| Which anticonvulsant does not appear to act via GABA receptors and is frequently used to treat neuropathic pain? | show 🗑
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| show | Lewy Bodies
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| What are the most common side effects of antiseizure medications? | show 🗑
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| show | valproic acid (Depakene)
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| What class of drugs may be used to diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis? | show 🗑
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| show | diazepam (Valium)--GABA
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| What combination drug contains levodopa plus an inhibitor of peripheral levodopa metabolism? | show 🗑
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| show | They can alter the metabolism of other drugs
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| show | status epiepticus
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| The prevalence of Parkinson's disease is highest in what age group? | show 🗑
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| Which drug used to treat ADD/ADHD is not a controlled substance? | show 🗑
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| Which drug listed below is used to treat patients with multiple sclerosis? | show 🗑
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| show | ethosuximide (Zarontin)
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| With what type of seizure may patients display blank stares, rotating eyes and rapid blinking; not have generalized convulsions; and have up to 100 occurrences a day? | show 🗑
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| Which neurotranmitter is deficient in the nigrostriatal pathways of patients with Parkinson's disease? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following anticonvulsants is a DEA scheduled controlled substance? | show 🗑
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| show | GABA and glutamate
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| show | cromolyn sodium
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| show | codeine
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| What is a potential symptom of nicotine withdrawal? | show 🗑
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| show | 35-55%
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| show | asthma
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| Which of the following is a potentially life-threatening condition in which the patient has difficulty breathing, has blue lips, and nail beds, may lose consciousness, and does not respond to normal management? | show 🗑
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| show | fluticasone (Flovent)
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| With which device, used to administer asthma or COPD medication, does a stream of air flow past a liquid to create a fine mist for the patient to inhale? | show 🗑
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| An asthma attack consists of how many phases or responses? | show 🗑
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| show | clemastine (Tavist Allergy)
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| show | bronchitis and cystic fibrosis
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| show | dizziness and diarrhea
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| Which of the following forms of nicotine replacement therapy is only available by prescription? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following drugs is only indicated for long-term maintenance therapy of bronchospasms associated with emphysema and bronchitis? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following drugs may be used to treat tuberculosis? | show 🗑
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| show | ipratropium (Atrovent)
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| What is the most useful measure for assessing the severity of asthma on a regular basis? | show 🗑
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| show | guaifesesin (Mucinex)
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| What is a common adverse effect of many (older) antihistamines (H-1 blockers)? | show 🗑
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| show | beta blockers
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| What drug is metabolized by colonic bacteria and is used to prevent and treat hepatic-induced encephalopathy? | show 🗑
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| Which medication below is used in preteens to treat diarrhea and acts by interfering with enzyme-dependent electron transfer in anaerobic energy metabolism? | show 🗑
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| Which of the drugs listed below is a monoclonal antibody that binds to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and is indicated for the treatment of Crohn's disease? | show 🗑
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| What three drugs given together are used to treat H. pyloric-induced peptic ulcers? | show 🗑
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| Which drug listed below forms a protective coat over an ulcer, helping it resist degradation by gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts? | show 🗑
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| Which drug listed below is an example of a phase II drug used to treat GERD? | show 🗑
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| Which drug below acts on 5-HT-4 receptors and is used to treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | docusate-senna (Senokot-S)
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| show | constipation
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| Which histamine-2 receptor blocker affects cytochrome P-450 and may interact with many other drugs? | show 🗑
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| show | cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom)
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| What is another term for heartburn? | show 🗑
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| By what criterion is dietary fiber characterized? | show 🗑
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| show | peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys)
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| show | diphonoxylate-atropine (Lomotil)--C-V
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| show | dopamine
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| show | pancrelopase (Creon-10)
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| show | ondansetron (Zofran)
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| show | intestinal parasites (tapeworms)
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| What GI disorder is characterized by inflammation of the large bowel with the patient experiencing diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus? | show 🗑
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