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| Drug abuse has been historically evident since_________ | The Hammurabi Code in 2240 BC
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| In 2006, approximately __________ people have used an illicit drug. | 111 million (45%)
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| Within the past month approximately ____ percent of ________ workers reported alcohol use. | 65%, Full Time Workers
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| 3 Factors that influence how a user experiences a drug | Cultural, Contextual and Social
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| Research revealed that police and detectives were among the occupations that displayed the___________ rates of illicit drug use | Lowest
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| Drugs that result from altered chemical structures of already existing illicit drugs | structural analogs
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| (T/F) In contrast to centuries ago, today's drug dependence mainly refers to only psychological preoccupation. | False
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| The word addiction is derived from the Latin verb addicere, which refers to_________________. | Process of Binding things
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| ________ in ten drug users work ______ time. | 7, Full
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| It is believed that most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by_____________________. | Causing the Release of Dopamine
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| Psychological theories tend to focus more on the ______ state of the individual; while sociological theories focus on factors that are ______ | internal, external
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| view a person's day-to-day social psychological relations as a primary cause for drug use | Social Influence Theory
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| Structural Influence Theories | tend to view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as responsible for drug use.
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| Social Learning Theory | places emphasis on how people learn patterns of behavior from the attitudes of society
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| Subculture Theory | explains drug use as a largely peer-generated activity.
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| Control Theory States (2) | 1.) Individuals with weak bonds to conventional society are more likely to engage in drug use
2.)Drug users are less likely to participate in social organizations and engage in team sport activities.
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| (T/F)Due to the fact that the majority of drug users have parents who used or use drugs, The American Psychiatric Association has classified severe drug dependence as a genetically related abnormality. | False
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| (T/F) Socialization refers to the internalization of attitudes, values, and behaviors that are needed in order to become participating members in conventional society. | True
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| The decline of patent medicines began with passage of the | Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
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| was used as a sedative for pregnant women. | Thalidomide
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| involve healthy volunteers or even patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat, and is designed to determine the safety of a drug. | Phase I Clinical Trials
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| Orphan Drug Law | allows companies to receive tax advantages if they develop drugs designed to treat rare diseases and hence are not very profitable.
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| Lowest Abuse Potential | Schedule V
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| (T/F) The Opium Poppy Control Act was the first legitimate effort by the government to regulate addicting substances. | FALSE
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| Defined as decreasing the supply of illegal drugs by imposing stiff penalties for trafficking. | Interdiction
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| Over-the-counter drug NOT generally recognized as safe or effective for the claimed therapeutic indication is classified as: | Category II
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| Mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, such as catecholamines, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine, etc.(used to treat cardiac arrest, low blood pressure, or even delay premature labor, among other things.) | Sympathomimetic Drugs
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| Homeostasis | Maintenance of Internal Stablity
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| chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by the cell. Often mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance. | Agonist
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| For the most part, drugs of abuse ______ the activity of dopamine in the limbic system | Increase
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| (T/F) Hormones are chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with each other. | False
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| Chemical Messenger between CELLS. (chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism.) | Hormones
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| (T/F) Both motor activity and mental state are usually altered by drugs that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine. | True
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| set of brain structures including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction. | Limbic System
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| second category of drug use, typified by an insatiable attraction followed by a psychological dependence onto drugs | compulsive users
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| Synonym for Addiction | Dependency
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| new drugs that are developed by people intending to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound; Ecstasy is an example | designer drugs/synthetic drugs or synthetic opioids
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| Equal Opportunity Affliction | refers to the use of drugs, stressing that drug use cuts across all members of society regardless of income, education, occupation, social class, and age
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| first category of drug use, typified as being in the initial stages of drug use; these people often use drugs for recreational purposes | Experimenters
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| third category of drug use; these users vacillate between the need for pleasure seeking and the desire to relieve moderate to serious psychological problems. | Chippers/Floaters
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| Two Defining Characteristics of Chippers and Floaters | (1) a general focus mostly on using other people's drugs (often without maintaining a personal supply of the drug) and (2) vacillation between the characteristics of chronic drug users and experimenter types
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| emphasizes that nonmedical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the mind, the body, and the spirit | Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
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| insiders | people on the inside; those who either approve of and/or use drugs
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| legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco | licit drugs
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| NIDA | National Institute on Drug Abuse, the principal federal agency responsible for directing drug use and abuse related research
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| Preoccupation Phase | Constant Concern w/ Supply of Drug
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| drug compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perceptions | psychoactive drugs
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| satisfaction derived from escaping negative feelings in using the drug | Relief Phase
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| modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species; structural analogs are structurally related to the parent compound | structural analogs
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| physical and/or psychological effects derived from not using the drug | Withdrawal Phase
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| an adaption to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself or herself by chemical means | "double wall" of encapsulation
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| Pharmacological Factors | Ingredients of Drug affect the functions of body and nervous system
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| Cultural Factors | Society's view of drug affects our initial approach to its use (determined by custom and tradition)
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| Social Factors | Motivation for Taking a drug that comes from needs such as diminishing pain, curing illness, providing relaxation, etc.
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| 10 Reasons Drug Use is More Serious today | Since 1960, drug use has become more widespread, drugs are more potent, Drug use is increasing among youth, Media in todays society exposes public to more direct advertising, Greater availibility & wider assim. of drug info (internet), New Designer Drugs
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| Designer Drugs | Crack, Heroin, etc.
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| Characteristics increasing likelihood of drug use (4) | Sensation Seekers, People w/ Psychiatric Disorders, Family History of Addiction and Age/Race (Whites age 14-20 MOST LIKELY)
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| 3 Past Views (Models) of Dependence | Moral, Disease and Character/Personality Predisposition Models
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| Moral Model | Drugs are Bad mmkay (Drug use is Immoral)
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| Disease Model | Addiction is a chronic and progresive disease
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| Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Required Manufacturers to indicate ammount of alcohol, morphine, coke, marijuana, etc. found in product on label (Made Misrepresentation ILLEGAL)
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| Harrison Act of 1914 | First LEGITIMATE Effort by Government to control/regulate import, sale, purchase and distribution of addicting substances
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| 3 Adolescent Risk Factors for Addiction | Peer Norms Favoring Use, Power of Age Group, Teenage Risk Taking (Rite of Passage)
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| 4 Adult Risk Factors for Addiction | Loss of Meaningful Role/Occupational Identity, Loss of Loved one(s) (Parents, Divorce, loss of children), Loss of Positive Body Image, Disappointment when lives expectations are not met
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| Schedule I Drugs | High Abuse Potential, No Accepted Medical Use
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| Schedule II Drugs | High Abuse Potential (Can be Prescribed)
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| Schedule III-V | Decreasing abuse potential with increasing Schedule; All can be prescribed
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| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord; Processes, Interprets and Stores info (Issues orders to Muscles, Glands and Organs)
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Transports Somatic (Sensory) and Autonomic (Automatic Functions) info to and from CNS;
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| Autonomic Information | Can be Sympathetic (Increase Activity) or Parasympathetic (Decrease Activity)
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| Sympathetic Commands | Decrease Digestion, Increase Heart rate, Contracts Blood Vessels and Dialates Pupils
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| Parasympathetic Commands | Stimulates Digestion, Decreases Heart rate, dialates vessels and contracts pupils
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| Dopamine | Both Inhibits and Exites; Euphoria, Agitation, Paranoia (Ampetamines and Cocaine)
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| GABA | Inhibitory; Affects Cognition, Sedation, Relaxation, Drowsiness, Depression (Alcohol & Barbiturates)
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| Serotonin | Both Inhibits and Excites; Mild Euphoria, Exitation, Insomnia (LSD, Tobacco)
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| ACT | Both Inhibits and Excites; Sleep, Relaxation, Sedation (Tobacco, Nicotene)
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| Endorphins | Inhibitory only; Mild Euphoria, Block Pain (Narcotics)
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| Anabolic Steroids | Most Commonly Abused Drug in US; Stimulate Androgen Production (Causes Muscle Growth)
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| Anabolic | Able to Stimulate the Conversion of Nutrients to Muscle Mass
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| Steroids Schedule | III
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| 18th Ammendment | Prohibition
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