Everything we need to know about Antibiotics
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| Penicillin G | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-Narrow Specrum Penicillin
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| Penicillin V | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-Narrow Spectrum Penicillin
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| Dicloxacillin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin
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| Amoxicillin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-Extended Spectrum Penicillin
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| Amoxicillin + Clavulanate | An Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-Penicillin, plus a B-lactamase inhibitor. "Augmentin"
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| Cephalexin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis- 1st Generation Cephalosporin
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| Cefuroxime Axetil | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis- 2nd Generation Cephalosporin
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| Ceftriaxone | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis-3rd Generation
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| Cefepime | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis- 4th Generation
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| Vancomycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis- #1 choice for MRSA
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| Gentamycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-An IV Aminoglycoside
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| Neomycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Most nephrotoxic Aminoglycoside, used in triple antibiotic topical preps.
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| Tetracycline | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Tetracycline
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| Doxyclcyline | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Tetracycline
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| Minocycline | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Tetracycline
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| Tetracyclines | Drug of choice for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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| Tetracyclines | Discoloration of teeth, severe nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
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| Aminoglycosides | Nephrotoxic and Ototoxic, most common cause of drug induced renal failure.
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| Aminoglycosides | Wide range of aerobic gram negative bacilli
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| Macrolides | Active against many gram+ and gram - bacteria that cause upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia.
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| Macrolides | Largely devoid of serious toxicity. Most common effects are stomatitis, heartburn, nausea, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea.
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| Erythromycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Macrolide
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| Erythromycin and Clarithromycin | Inhibit liver enzyme CYP34A thereby effecting other drug metabolism.
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| Azithromycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Macrolide.
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| Azithromycin | Effective single dose tx for chlamydial urethritis
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| Clarithromycin | Most active macrolide against H. pylori (PUD)
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| Clarithromycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Macrolide
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| Telithromycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Ketolide
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| Telithromycin | Mild to moderate community acquired pneumonia caused by S. pneumo, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, H. inluenzae and M. Catarrhalis.
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| Telithromycin | Most common adverse effects are diarrhea and nausea. Small % have severe liver toxicity. Prolongs QT interval. Respiratory failure in Myasthenia Gravis.
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| Clindamycin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Other
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| Clindamycin | Gram+ cocci and anaerobes like C. perfringes (gas gangrene), and MRSA and penicillin resistant strep (necrotizing fasciitis)
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| Clindamycin | Associated with GI superinfection by C.difficile, which can lead to severe diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.
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| Mupirocin | Inhibitor of Bacterial Protein Synthesis-Other
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| Mupirocin | #1 topical choice for Impetigo and used to eradicate nasal colonization of MRSA.
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| Penicillin G | Group A Strep infections, syphilis, and gas gangrene (C.difficile).
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| Route of Penicillin G vs Penicillin V administration | Penicillin V given orally because has better acid stability and oral bioavailability than Penicillin G. But Penicillin G has 2 Intramuscular forms; Procaine (higher concentration for 24 hours) and Benzathine(low concentration for weeks)
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| Penicillin V | Pharyngitis
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| Dicloxacillin | MRSA
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| Amoxicillin | Respiratory tract infections; otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
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| The 3 primary mechanisms of bacterial resistance to penicillins and other B-lactam antibiotics | 1.Inactivation of drug by B-lactamase enzyme
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| Penicillins | Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions and seizures.
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| What is the general spectrum of antimicrobial activity from Generation 1 Cephalosporin to Generation 4. | Generation 1 to 4 has increasing activity against gram negative bacilli
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| Cephalexin | Primarily used to treat skin and soft tissue infections caused by gram positive cocci and uncomplicated UTIs.
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| Cefuroxime axetil | Active against many strains of Hemophilus influenzae, and used to treat respiratory tract infections and otitis media caused by them.
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| Ceftriaxone | Used as a single dose treatment for Gonorrhea. Also used to treat otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis, intra-abdominal or UTI infections and advanced Lyme disease.
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| Cefepime | Active against many gram negative bacilli that are resistant to other cephalosporins. Used to treat a variety of systemic infections including intra abdominal and UTI infections and pneumonia.
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| Vancomycin | First choice for MRSA caused skin and soft tissue infections. Also used to treat endocarditis and necrotizing fasciitis caused by penicillin resistant organisms.
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| Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole | An Antifolate Drug; A sulfonamide plus a folate reductase inhibitor.
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| Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole | Urinary tract and prostate infections; pulmonary infections caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) and Nocardia species.
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| Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole | Can cause megaloblastic anemia in those with low folic acid intake.
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| Ciprofloxacin | A Fluoroquinolone
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| Levofloxacin | A fluoroquinolone
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| Ciprofloxacin | Treats UTIs, prostatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and anthrax.
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| Levofloxacin | Treats communiity acquired pneumonia and drug resistant tuberculosis. Also treats corneal ulcers topically.
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| Fluoroquinolones | Generally well tolerated, but can cause tendonitis and tendon rupture. Also alterations in blood glucose, phototoxicity, and prolongation of the QT interval.
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| Nitrofurantoin | In the "other" category of antibacterial drugs
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| Nitrofurantoin | Activity is limited to the urinary bladder therefore treating uncomplicated UTIs. Preferred in macrocrystalline formulation.
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| Isoniazid | An Antimycobacterial drug
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| Rifampin | An Antimycobacterial drug
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| Isoniazid | Bactericidal against sensitive strains of M. tuberculosis and some M. Kansasii. Also treats latent tuberculosis.
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| Isoniazid | Can cause hepatitis because it elevates serum transaminase levels. And can cause peripheral neuritis, because it inactivates pyrdoxine (vit B6) causing deficiency. Also resistance is increasing because of mutations of the katG gene.
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| Rifampin | A broad spectrum antibiotic used to treat TB and leprosy. And used to prevent meningococcal and H. influenzae type b infections.
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| Rifampin | Can cause hepatitis, hypersensitivity reactions, discoloration of saliva, tears, and urine. And can accelerate other drug metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 isozymes. Major drawback is microbes acquire resistance during exposure.
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| Amphoterecin B | An Antifungal drug
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| Amphoterecin B | Active against a wide variety of fungi, and is the standard for comparison of other drugs in the treatment of serious fungal infections.
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| Amphoterecin B | The most toxic antibiotic. Causes renal toxicity in 80% of patients.
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| Nystatin | An Antifungal drug
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| Nystatin | Active against Candida species. Treats mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral candidiasis, intestinal candidiasis, and vaginal candidiasis.
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| Fluconazole | An Antifungal drug-Azole derivative
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| Fluconazole | Treats fungal meningitis because it can achieve significant concentration in the CSF. Also used to prevent cryptococcal meningitis, and treats candidiasis.Also vaginal candidiasis with one dose.
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| Voriconazole | An Antifungal drug-Azole derivative
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| Voriconazole | Has enhanced activity against aspergillus and candida species. Treats systemic fungal infections like invasive aspergillosis, esophageal candidiasis, and invasive candidiasis.
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| Clotrimazole | An Antifungal drug-Azole derivative
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| Clotrimazole | Topical treatment for Candida infections and dermatophyte infections of the skin.
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| Azole Derivatives | Usually well tolerated but systemic administration can cause rash, elevated hepatic enzymes, hepatic injury, hematopoietic toxicity and GI distress. Also can inhibit other drug metabolisms.
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| Terbinafine | An Antifungal drug
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| Terbinafine | Primarily used to treat superficial dermatophyte infections but also fungistatic against candida. Often administered orally to treat onychomycosis (fungal infection of nails).
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| Acyclovir | An Antiviral for HSV and VSV
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| Famciclovir | An Antiviral for HSV and VSV
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| Valacyclovir | An Antiviral for HSV and VSV
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| Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir | Used to treat herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus. Also used for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infections and shingles.
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| Oseltamivir | An Anitviral for Influenza A and B, and Avian flu
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| Zanamivir | An Antiviral for Influenza A and B, and Avian flu
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| Oseltamivir and Zanamivir | Inhibit the release and spreading of Influenza A and B virions. Active against nearly all strains of influenza A and B, and the avian flu virus.
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| Lamivudine | An Antiviral for Hep B
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| Lamivudine | Inhibits replication of the hepatitis B virus and approved as first orally effective drug for these patients.
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| Ribavirin | An Antiviral-Broad specturm
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| Ribavirin | Only indication approved for is the treatment of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. Neonates treated with an aerosol form.
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| Ribavirin | Inhalation can cause serious pulmonary and cardiovascular effects; apnea, pneumothorax, worse status, cardiac arrest. When given by IV can cause seizures. Contraindicated in pregnant/lactating women.
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| Interferon-alpha | An Antiviral for hepatitis viruses and some papillomaviruses.
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| Interferon-alpha | Used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis C, non-A, non-B, non-C, genital warts (condylomata acuminata), hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, renal carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and multiple myeloma.
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| Interferon-alpha | Can cause many serious adverse effects; hematologic toxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, BP changes, CNS dysfunction, GI distress, chills, fatigue, headache, and myalgia.
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| Metronidazole | An Antiparasitic against many anaerobic protozoa and others
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| Metronidazole | Drug of choice for amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis. Used for management of dracunculiasis(guinea worm infection). Drug of choice for enterocolitis caused by C. difficile. And treats acne rosacea.
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| Metronidazole | Usually well tolerated but can cause considerable GI distress, also nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, transient leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Also increases anticoagulant effect of warfarin, and causes a reaction with alcohol.
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| Permethrin | An Antiparasitic for ectoparasites
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| Permethrin | Treatment of choice for the most common ectoparasites in humans. Lice (pediculosis), and mites (scabies).
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