Psychology Unit 3
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| What is true about rods and cones? | Rods facilitate black and white vision and cones facilitate color vision
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| After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. What can explain that? | sensory adaptation
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| The ability of the human visual system to barely detect a candle flame at a distance of about 30 miles on a clear, dark night is an example of | an absolute threshold
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| The longer an individual is exposed to a strong odor, the less aware of the odor the individual becomes. This phenomenon is known as | sensory adaptation
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| The ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about, while filtering out or ignoring other information is called | The ability to choose specific stimuli to learn about, while filtering out or ignoring other information is called
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| The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the | semicircular canals
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| What is a possible reason why cats can see better at night than can humans? | Cats have a higher proportion of rods to cones
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| The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50 percent of the time is known as the | absolute threshold
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| When Jason practices the drums, he tends not to hear the phone. Today he is expecting a call from a record producer and answers the phone each time it rings even when he is practicing the drums. What explains why Jason hears the phone today? | Signal detection theory
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| What is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound? | Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea
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| The occipital lobes contain | the primary visual cortex
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| The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the | red-green system
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| A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual’s | difference threshold
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| A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? Retinal disparity linear perspective Motion parallax Relative size Texture gradient | Retinal disparity
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| The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual’s | absolute threshold
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| The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called | Accommodation
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| If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is | Green
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| The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the | blind spot
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| The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the | cochlea
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| Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT Bitter Sweet Salty Sour Spicy | Spicy
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| In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain | perceptual organization
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| The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to | transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
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| When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the | bipolar cells
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| The gate control theory attempts to explain how | the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
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| Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization? Proximity Similarity Closure Intensity Continuity | Intensity
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| Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied aspects of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her? | Parallel Processing
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| What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements? | Feature Detectors
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| Which of the following structures helps you most in detecting the color of your friend's shirt? Fovea Lens Cones Rods Cornea | Cones
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| Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best describes the physical properties of the color's light waves? long wavelength, large amplitude short wavelength, large amplitude | short wavelength, large amplitude
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| If you scratch your eye, which structure are you most likely to damage? | Cornea
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| A teacher used distortion googgles, which shifted the wearer's , to show an altered perception. A student wearing goggles bumped into numerous while walking around, but after minutes of wearing them was able to avoid obstacles, showing the concept of | perceptual adaptation
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| What do we call the illusion of movement the results from two or more stationary, adjacent light blinking on and off in quick succession. | phi phenomenon
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| Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of | figure-ground relationship
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| Narmeen is seeingthe board in the classroom. she knows that the board is far away because the view from her left eye is slightly different than the view from her right eye. Her ability to judge the distance of the board is due to which depth cue? | retinal disparity
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| Which of the statements is best explained by research on depth perception visual cliff human infants must learn to perceive depth monocular depth cues develop before binocular depth cues human infants are born with an innate sense of depth | human infants are born with an innate sense of depth
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| Even though the banana seemed to change color as the lighting in the room changed, Jane knew that the color of the banana was not actually changing. This is due to: | color constancy
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| What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? | afterimage
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| ________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus. | Binocular
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| Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? | optic
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| Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? | rods
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| Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? | Gestalt
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| If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle? | proximity
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| Nikki was walking around a department store one day, and did not realize that her shirt looked just like the shirts worn by employeesThe other customers’ assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______. | similarity
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| Your friend is playing the low notes on her tuba quite loudly. Which of the following best explains the physical properties of the sound waves? long wavelength, large amplitude no wavelength, small amplitude short wavelength, small amplitude | long wavelength, large amplitude
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| After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician? basilar frequency sensorineural | sensorineural
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| Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the stimulation of different areas of the cochlea's basilar membrane? place theory frequency theory volley principle | place theory
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| When you listen to music, the sound waves cause your________ to vibrate first. | eardrum
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| Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. | transduction
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| ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. higher; louder higher; quieter lower; louder | higher; louder
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| As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can’t hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to “speak up,” from a physical perspective you are asking them to _____ of the sound waves they are producing | increase the amplitude
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| Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear. When people write using “sound” type words like “loud,” “soft,” he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to say Ravon has ___ deafness. | congenital
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| The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. | temporal
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| What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? | Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
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| How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? | It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
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| sensation | sensory receptors transmit information
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| perception | how we interpret information from sensory receptors
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| Bottom-Up processing | starts with sensory receptors and takes information through the brain
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| Top-Down processing | brain deciphers information and uses experiences and expectations to construct perception
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| Selective Attention | focusing on certain stimulus
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| "Cocktail Party Effect" | only listening to one voice in a crowd
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| Focused Listening | only able to listen to one side
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| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see something when you are focused somewhere else
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| Change Blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment
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| Choice Blindness | had participants pick the most attractive picture and the researchers switched the picture
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| Psychophysics | study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them
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| Absolute Thresholds | minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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| Difference Threshold | minimum difference between two stimuli
Just noticeable difference
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| Weber’s Law | principle that, if something can be perceived as different, the two stimuli must be different by constant percentage
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| Signal Detection Theory | theory predicts when we detect presence of faint stimulus amid background stimulation
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| Subliminal stimulation | below absolute threshold
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| Sensory adaptation | After almost constant contact with an unchanging stimulus our nerve cells stop firing
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| Telepathy | mind to mind
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| Clairvoyance | perceive remote events
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| Precognition | knowing future events
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| Psychokinesis/Telekinesis | moving objects with the mind alone
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| Perceptual Set | Mental tendencies and assumptions that affect, top-down, what we hear, taste, feel, and see.
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| How does vision work? | Eyes receive light information and transduce or transform it into messages sent by neurons to our brain and we get an image
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| cornea | focus
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| Pupil | adjusted by the iris
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| Iris | dilates or contracts to control the light level
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| Lens | focuses onto the retina
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| retina | collects visual information
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| photoreceptors | rods and cones
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| Rods | sensitive to faint light
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| cones | sensitive to detail and color
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| Bipolar cells | transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
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| Ganglion cells | transmit signals from bipolar cells to optic nerve
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| Fovea | area of central focus
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